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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the egg cumulus complex?
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Oocyte + cumulus granulosa cells
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Where does fertilization most often occur?
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Lower ampulla of oviduct
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How does the number of sperm change as they progress up the female reproductive tract?
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Vagina: 10^7
Uterus: 10^6 Oviduct: 10^5, 10^4 |
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What causes a major decline in the number of sperm after intercourse?
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Major incursion of leukocytes that eliminate sperm
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How does gene expression and fertility of sperm change as they mature throughout the male reproductive tract?
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Gene expression turns off at the sperm leaves the testes
Sperm gain fertility in the oviduct of the female reproductive tract |
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What is capacitation?
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When sperm gain their latent fertility in the female oviduct after adhering to the oviduct epithelium
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Where are most sperm stored in the oviduct?
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Lower isthmus
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What is the zona pellucida?
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Glycoprotein coat around the oocyte in the follicle
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What happens to the sperm at the end of the acrosome reaction?
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Entire surface of head is sloughed off and sperm fuses with egg
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What events must occur to activate development of the egg in response to sperm fusion and what controls the occurrence of these events?
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1. Block polyspermic fertilization
2. Release of 2nd polar body and completion of meiosis II 3. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4. Initiate mitosis Different frequencies of calcium spikes control the execution and sequence of these events |
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What releases calcium from internal stores in the egg to activate development?
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Sperm injects activating factor into egg
Phospholipase C activation activates IP3 which releases calcium from intracellular stores |
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What is intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)?
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A method of assisted fertility in which the sperm is directly injected into the oocyte cytoplasm
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What events are bypassed in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and why are these of concern?
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Capacitation
Sperm-egg interaction Potential issues: - Calcium spike oscillations distorted - Sperm nucleus decondenses - Chromatin replication slowed |
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In what cell stage is the pre-implantation embryo as it enters the uterus?
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32 or 64 cell stage
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What provides the pre-implantation embryo with nutrients?
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Uteroendometrial glandular glycogen secretion
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How long does it take for the endometrium to be prepared for implantation and when does this occur?
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Requires ~1 week
Begins 7 days after ovulation |
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What is the decidual response of the endometrium during implantation
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Endometrial stromal cells differentiate:
- Large - Large nuclei - Clear cytoplasm Angiogenesis Natural killer cells in uterus |
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What is the function of the decidual response of the endometrium during implantation?
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Limit embryonic invasiveness
Endocrine function Nourishment Test of embryo quality |
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What are the stages of implantation in the uterine wall?
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Hatching
Apposition Adhesion Penetration |
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What is the syncytotrophoblast?
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Outer part of trophectoderm, multinucleated cell layer with no cell boundaries, of the embryo
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What is the cytotrophoblast?
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Inner layer of cuboidal cells with embryonic cells at base
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How does the implanted embryo begin to receive a maternal blood supply?
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Syncytotrophoblast invades columnar epithelium of uterus (7 days)
Trophoblastic lacunae appear in syncytium where maternal blood begins to pool (9 days) |
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What characterizes the primary villus?
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Cytotrophoblast begins to penetrate syncytium
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What characterizes the secondary villus?
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Embryonic mesoderm invades the core of the primary villus
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What characterizes the tertiary villus?
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Fetal blood vessels enter mesoderm core of secondary villus
Synctial layer spreads down and directly contacts maternal blood |
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How does uterine spiral artery remodeling change blood flow?
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Goes from low flow and high resistance to high flow and low resistance
Trophoblast cells replace cells in vessel endothelium and take up residence and displace smooth muscle cells in the tunica media |
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What is the Barker hypothesis?
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Certain adult-onset diseases can come from in utero conditions
(i.e. metabolism changes) |
