Early Black History Final Exam Flash Cards

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Title: Early Black History Final Exam
Description: Blacks
Number of Cards: 126
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Author: rberns129
Created: 2011-12-12
Tags: blacks
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    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • Term Slavery
    • Urban masters often let slaves purchase their freedom over a certain number of years to keep them from leaving. In Baltimore, during the early nineteenth century, this was gradually replacing slavery for life
    • Suffrage
    • Property restrictions for voters slowly phased out until universally established for white males in 1820
    • Whig Party
    • - Founded by Henry Clay
      - National plans for roads, economy
      - Party of Banking, Corporations, etc.
      - Also supported slavery, yet counted abolitionists as members
      - Not as firmly in support of slavery (concerned with big business)
    • Andrew Jackson
    • - After losing disputed 1824 election, backers formed new Democratic Party and was elected to presidency in 1828
      - Strong but controversial president (populist)
      - Slaveholder and proponent of states' rights
    • Democratic Party
    • - Populist in nature (party of the working class)
      - Defined by Andrew Jackson
      - Advocated for limited govt.
      - Against big corporations, banks, suspicious of concentrated power
      - Party of slavery
    • Black Laws
    • - Forced to register free status
      - In some states, pay a fine to live there
      - Prohibit blacks from serving on juries, in govt, militias
      - All meant to discourage blacks from entering states
      - Same laws as applied to slaves in the South
    • Jim Crow
    • - Laws based on minstrel shows (w/ black face); white working class men were main audience (psych benefit)
      - blacks generally banned from white public spaces
      - not enacted in south until 1890s (keep slaves close)
    • Robert Douglass
    • Black artist who touched upon political themes and tried to make a statement about race
    • Edmonia Lewis
    • - Black sculptor who was educated at Oberlin
      - Sculpted "hagar," a statement about bondage and opportunity
    • William Cooper Nell
    • Black author who published "the colored patriots of the American Revolution," which reminded readers that black men fought for American freedom
    • William Wells Brown
    • - First black man to publish a novel in the U.S., "Clotel," in 1853
      - It is a fictional account of Jefferson/Hemings affair and their son
    • Harriet Wilson
    • Her novel, Our Nig, is first novel published by a black woman in 1859
    • Lincoln University
    • - Founded in 1854 in Pennsylvania
      - Was the first black-only college
      - Trained students to be missionaries and ministers
    • Wilberforce University
    • - Founded in 1855 in Ohio
      - Supported by the AME church
      - Was the first independent black college
    • Free Papers
    • - Always had to be carried by free slaves if they didn't want to be sent back into slavery
    • Money Power
    • - When J.Q. Adams wins disputed 1824 election over Jackson, seen as a victory for big business over the common man --> rich expanding _________ at expense of the poor
    • Slave Power
    • Whig party believed southern slaveholders (dems) were wielding power of slavery
    • State's Rights
    • Democratic Party looked to increase them and limit national government influence
    • 2nd Great Awakening
    • - Lasting from end of 18th century through 1830s
      - Response to national distress as people turned to God
    • Charles Gradison Finney
    • White minister who served as the George Whitefield of this awakening
    • Denmark Vesey
    • - A sailor, he tried to stir up rebellious sentiments
      - Hatched a conspiracy to hijack ships and bring slaves to Haiti
      - Other slave turns him in, and although convicted, unclear if accusations only a product of white fear
    • American Colonization Society
    • - Founded in 1816
      - Colony of Liberia, with Monrovia as the capitol
      - Political leaders (Jeff., Monroe) in support
    • Daniel Coker
    • - AME Prez who brings first 86 slaves to liberia
    • Henry Highland Garnet & Alexander Crummel
    • - Prominent black supporters of the ACS movement
      - Despite their efforts, only 10k blacks migrated there by 1860
    • Maria W. Stewart
    • An abolitionist, she was the first black female public speaker before a group of men
    • Charlotte Forten
    • Wife of James and an abolitionist
    • Mary Ann Shadd Cary
    • Female abolitionist and newspaper editor
    • The Liberator
    • - Founded by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston in 1830, it was the biggest pro-abolitionist newspaper
    • Cult of Domesticity
    • - Manner in which gender relations were organized in the Western World
      - Broken down into 2 spheres, with men exclus. occupying the pub. sphere and women exclus. the private sphere
      - Women could only have moral pub. responsibilities
    • Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society
    • - Founded in 1833, it was a biracial abolitionist organization aligned with the American Anti-Slavery Society. White Quaker women dominated the society, but it included a significant number of black women
    • William Lloyd Garrison
    • - Dominant abolitionist of his era
      - Evangelical who called for total emancipation
      - Founded the Liberator
      - Called for immediate emanc. for 2 reasons:
      1) Slavery is a national, moral evil and God's punishment is coming
      2) Forced everyone to sin, making it impractical
      --> Or, gradual emanc. had run its course, and slaveholders will never give it up over time
    • Immediate Emancipation
    • - Backed by Immediatism movement, which began in the U.S. in the late 1820s and opposed gradual emanc.
    • Nat Turner
    • - Privileged, well-treated slave in Virginia
      - Visited by God, now saw himself as Walker's "deliverer" in ending slavery
      - Aug 21, 1831: Gathered band of 60-70 slaves and kills every white on plantations they come across
      - After being apprehended by local militia, lack of remorse in trial further terrifies southerners
      - Common theme: abolitionist plot corrupting their contented slaves -- abols. become fringe group politically, and become hated by whites in north and south
      - Brought further Southern paranoia, who work to cut themselves off from the north
    • David Walker
    • - Appeal (1829)
      - First black man to publicly declare slavery as "purely evil" institution and that slaveholders would be punished -- similar to story of moses
      - Distributed in South, making slaveholders crazy -- capital punishment for having it
      - Bounty placed on his head; dies mysteriously
      - Brings general increase in Southern White paranoia/fear, raises concerns smoldering for centuries
      --> dangerous people versus docile inferiors (contradiction not acknowledged)
    • Environmentalism
    • - Decline was first signal of spread of racism
      - Stated that differences were the product of different environs. and separation from superior qualities
      - Change toward similarities b/w races over time when cohabiting an environment
      - Borne out of monogenesis
      - Contrary to this, some thought diff. were permanent (polygenesis)
    • Curse of Ham
    • In the Bible, Cane's descendants would be enslaved permanently and of a diff. race (Africa)
      - Religious justification for continuation of slavery and paternalism
    • American Anti-Slavery Society
    • - Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and group of other black leaders
      - Official stance of non-violence
      - Similarly paternalistic in its nearly all-white leadership
    • Black Convention Movement
    • Brings blacks together all over the east coast to discuss slavery, empowerment, rights
      - Led by Hezekiah Grice
      - Church at center of movement
      - Far more frequent at first; shift to state conventions
    • Freedom's Journal
    • - Founded by Samuel Cornish and John Russworm
      - First Black Newspaper
    • North Star
    • A weekly newspaper published and edited by Frederick Douglass from 1847-1851, succeeded by "Fred. Douglass's Paper"
    • Great Postal Campaign
    • - A.A.S. sent out anti-slavery flyers to the south
      - Older version of junk mail
      - Also sent out petitions to congressmen
    • Elijah Lovejoy
    • Abolitionist newspaper editor killed in the South
    • Gag Rule of 1836
    • No petition arguing for the abolition of slavery will ever be accepted or debated by congress
    • American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
    • Formed by those splitting off from AAS, including most black members b/c of Garrison's anti-church stance. Took diff. stances from its predecessor
      - church could have a role, woman remain moral exemplars, some parts of constitution are anti-slavery
    • Liberty Party
    • - Formed in 1840
      - First anti-slavery political party
      - Vast majority of blacks supported it
      - First to suggest govt action, rather than voluntary abol
      - Called slavery and fug. slave act crimes
      - Not very successful (7k votes in 1840 prez election)
    • Amistad
    • A spanish schooner on which West African Joseph Cinque led a successful slave revolt in 1839
    • Joseph Cinque
    • Led slave revolt aboard the Amistad
    • Madison Washington
    • Led revolt aboard the Creole
    • Creole
    • Ship transporting 135 american slaves from Richmond to New Orleans seized by revolt and sailed to Bahamas, a British colony whose abolition of slavery made them free
    • Underground Railroad
    • Refers to several loosely organized, semisecret biracial networks that helped slaves escape from the border South to the North and Canada throughout the 19th century
    • Harriet Tubman
    • Born a slave in Maryland in 1820; escaped to freedom in 1849; made 15 more trips into the South to help other slaves escape
    • Vigilance Committees
    • Counter-surveillance network that put out feelers and informants to locate and thwart the efforts of slave catchers
    • William Grant Still
    • Black leader of the Philadelphia Vigilance Association; fugitive slave as a child; coordinated the work of many black and white underground agents between Washington D.C. and Canada
    • Canada West
    • (Ontario) Free territory that served as ideal destination for runaway slaves
      - 60k blacks eventually populated it, although they were still subjected to segregation and other forms of discrimination
    • Black Nationalists
    • - Held belief that they must seek their racial destiny by establishing separate institutions and, perhaps, migrating as a group to a location (often Africa) outside the U.S. (homogeneous nation)
    • Martin R. Delany
    • - Main proponent of Black Nationalism
      - Brought up issues of how natives would respond to new black population
    • Mexican War
    • Americans in Texas fight for their independence and gain own republic (lone star) but still want to join U.S.
      - Represented the addition of an enormous slaveholding state, causing controversy
    • James K. Polk
    • - Won 1844 Presidential Election on platform of expansion of slavery and annexation
      - Suggested bringing in Oregon as well, which gets him elected
      - Held idea of Manifest Destiny
    • Zachary Taylor
    • - Whig Party nominee and winner of 1848 prez election
      - slaveholder and Mexican War hero
      - Represented party's tabling issue of slavery
    • Wilmot Proviso
    • - Stated that there would be no slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican War
      - Failed to become law, but still enraged southerners
    • Popular Sovereignty
    • States decide issue of slavery for themselves electorally
      - Issue b/c non-slaveholders could settle first
    • Conscience Whigs
    • Don't accept the direction of the party and leave to join Liberty Party and form the Free Soil Party
    • Cotton Whigs
    • Conservative, slaveholding opponents of the Conscience Whigs
    • Free Soil Party
    • - Tenets: free soil, free labor, free speech
      - Almost entirely northern political coalition opposed to the expansion of slavery into western territories
      - Included former members of liberty, whig, and democratic parties
    • Compromise of 1850
    • - Proposed by Henry Clay, it abolished slave trade in D.C., admitted California as a free state, made fugitive slave act stricter, and left Utah and N.M. unresolved
    • William & Ellen Craft
    • She was very light complexioned and so they pretended to be sick mistress and her slave going north for throat surgery; become celebs in abolitionist circles; southerners embarrassed and incensed
    • Shadrach Minkins
    • Found in Boston, taken to courthouse, but mob tries to break him out, all acquitted -- south sees this as proof of illegitimacy of fugitive slave act
    • Anthony Burns
    • Slave catchers find letter written home, capture him, abolitionists again storm courthouse, but it is reinforced by U.S. army (sent by Prez Pierce) -- Bostonians incensed that soldiers march him through the city back into slavery
    • Harriet Beecher Stowe
    • Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, which stated that slavery is a moral evil, as they force slaves into lives of immorality
      - Made Tom, the black man, the symbol of christian virtue (revolutionary)
      - Hugely popular, shifts sentiment in north as they identify with slaves like they hadn't before
    • Stephen A. Douglas
    • - Proposes railroad line to the Pacific, involved organizing Nebraska into a territory, as latitude line would have made it free, bringing southern opposition; New England also opposes it b/c they oppose western expansion
    • Kansas-Nebraska Act
    • - Repealed line of Missouri Compromise
      - 90% of Southerners voted for it, but only 50% of northern dems
    • Republican Party
    • When Democrats can't form unified stance on K-N Act, they disband and northerners merge with free-soil party to form this party.
      - Main Platform: no expansion of slavery
    • John Brown
    • - Fiercely anti-slavery, chopped up 5 pro-slavery individuals with his sons at Pottawatomie Creek
      - Huge boost to Repubs, as they could claim violence followed slavery around
    • Charles Sumner
    • - Senator calls out Senator Butler for having "slavery as his mistress"
    • Preston Brooks
    • - Butler wasn't present for Sumner's verbal attack, but his nephew beat Sumner with a cane into submission, paid $300 fine, and returned to the south a hero