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What are extinct marine animals that resemble eels with unusually large eyes?
conodonts
What are the three basic shape categories of conodonts?
coniform, ramiform, and pectiniform
What are the elements found as elongated cones?
coniform
What are the elements that are blade-like with several "teeth" resembling a comb?
ramiform
What are the elements that are plate-like or in the shape of grooved platforms?
pectiniform
For what are conodont fossils useful?
in identifying and comparing different rock strata
Why are we able to determine how hot various strata have been using conodonts?
because the fossils change color according to the maximum temperature to which they have been exposed
A ____ looks like the real thing
cast
A ______ is when the thing is pressed into something; like a footprint
impression
What is the process of metamorphic rock?
squeeze, heat, pressurize
Metamorphic rock is called ___ ___ ___
stone of change
After the metamorphosis, what happens?
there is a new rock
What is any naturally occurring, homogeneous solid that has a definite chemical composition and a distinctive internal crystal structure?
mineral
What are the layers of the earth?
1. atmosphere
2. hydrosphere
3. lithosphere
4. asthenosphere
It is more accurate to think of earth as having what?
a rocky layer
Lithos means _____
rock
Rocks are made of _____
minerals
Minerals are made of _____
molecules
Molecules are made of _____
atoms
How many different elements are in the universe?
92
How many different atoms are there?
90
What are the 8 elements that almost everything in the lithosphere is made of?
H,Ca,Fe,Al,Si,P,S,O
Almost how much of the Earth's lithosphere is made of oxygen?
1/2, 47%
How much percentage of the earth is filled with silicon?
28%
Silicon is made of what?
sand
you can heat up sand to make it into what?
glass
how many percent of rocks that I pick up are silicon dioxide?
70%
What percentage of the earth is filled with everything else?
12%
How much of the earth is filled with aluminum?
8%
How much of the earth is filled with iron?
5%
What is a naturally occurring substance with a fairly specific chemical composition?
mineral
How can we identify minerals?
look for certain characteristics
What are the different characteristics to look for?
1. intrinsic properties
2. streak
3. hardness
4. luster
5. density
6. crystal form
7. fracture
8. other- magnetic, fizz in acid, fluorescence under UV light
Density is...
what you think something is going to weigh, compared to what it really weighs
The fracture is...
how it breaks
What are the three types of rocks?
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Igneous rock means..
fiery
How is igneous rock formed?
when magma cools and solidifies
igneous rock = stones of _____
fire
The ash and gases are where on the volcano?
on top
ash and gases are almost like what?
quicksand
Lava comes out of what
the crater
The cone is the actual what?
volcano
what is the country rock?
the original ground that was there before the volcano started
What is the sill?
the unusual layer where the lava finds the cave and their is no air
What is formed from the main conduit?
the vent
What is crystal growth?
the 2nd part of crystallization; the cooling process
faster cooling = ______
slower cooling = _______
a lot of smaller crystals
less larger crystals
what is the difference between phaneritic, aphanitic, and amorphous
crystals visible, crystals too small to see, no crystals