EAYH FINAL EXAM

1. Develop integrated, interdisciplinary solutions to water challenges
2. Train interdisciplinary graduate and professional leaders in the water sector

Water treatment expert who worked with chemist Linn Enslow to standardize methods used to chlorinate Baltimore and other cities water supplies

0.3%

the average person uses 65 to 80 gallons per day
Flushing toilets: 10 to 20 gallons per person per day
Not a lot is actually ingested by humans

Minimum standard to meet four basic needs is 50-100 liters per person per day
-Drinking
-Sanitation
-Bathing
-Cooking

AGRICULTURE

Industry (inorganic and organic chemicals, thermal, particulate, color)
Municipalities & onsite wastewater treatment (liquid sewage, sludge)
Agricultural

AGRICULTURE
-Eroded sediment
-Fertilizers--Eutrophication
-Pesticides
-Animal wastes (CAFOS)

-Enacted in 1972
-Goal of act is to make all waters fishable and swimmable
-Two parts: more stringent requirements on industries and cities to meet zero discharge of pollutants; federal assistance for municipal wastewater treatment construction

-Protect public health by regulating the nation's water supply
-authorizes USEPA to set legally enforceble standards to protect against naturally-occurring and man-made contaminants that may be found in drinking water.

improved water access and sanitation

Bacteria, parasites, and viruses

-size of microorganism
-resistance to environmental degradation and chemical inactivation

Parasites < Viruses << Bacteria

1. Coagulation
2. Flocculation
3. Sedimentation
4. Filtration
5. Disinfection
6 Distribution

improved water access and sanitation

Bacteria, parasites, and viruses

-size of microorganism
-resistance to environmental degradation and chemical inactivation

Parasites < Viruses << Bacteria

1. Coagulation
2. Flocculation
3. Sedimentation
4. Filtration
5. Disinfection
6 Distribution

Coagulation

AL2(SO4)3:18H20
Aluminum
Highly positively charched Al+++ attracts the negatively charged suspended particles in the water and together forms a gelatinous mass called flor.

Flocculation

Sedimentation

larger particles in the water (pathogens) are enmeshed in the floc. Ionic, colloidal and suspended particles are absorbed to the surface. Dissolved contaminants are NOT removed.

Rapid sand filtration
-Filters become clogged after 12-72 hours of filtration and must be backwashed to clean the filter

Coagulation

Disinfection!

AL2(SO4)3:18H20
Aluminum
Highly positively charched Al+++ attracts the negatively charged suspended particles in the water and together forms a gelatinous mass called flor.

Chlorine
Ozone
Ultraviolet Radiation

Flocculation

Pros: cheap, good disinfectant, provides residual
Cons: unstable, forms disinfection by products (DBP) that are potentially carcinogenic

Sedimentation

Pros: good disinfectant, fewer DBP
Cons: expensive, no residual

larger particles in the water (pathogens) are enmeshed in the floc. Ionic, colloidal and suspended particles are absorbed to the surface. Dissolved contaminants are NOT removed.

Rapid sand filtration
-Filters become clogged after 12-72 hours of filtration and must be backwashed to clean the filter

Disinfection!

Chlorine
Ozone
Ultraviolet Radiation

Pros: cheap, good disinfectant, provides residual
Cons: unstable, forms disinfection by products (DBP) that are potentially carcinogenic

Pros: good disinfectant, fewer DBP
Cons: expensive, no residual

Pros: effective on cryptosporidium, no DBPs, no storage problems
Cons: no residual, interference by solids and turbidity

-Chlorine can effectively inactivate many types of microorganisms
-Chlorine provides a strong residual, meaning that unused chlorine can protect the water from additional microbial contamination)

Potentially carcinogenic by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) are generated
-MAJOR efforts are underway to reduce DBPs while still providing adequate microbial protection.

Distribution

FDA

35%

-17 million barrels of oil were used to produce water bottles
-2.5 million tons of carbon dioxide in one year`

The aim of sewage treatment is to improve the quality of wastewater to the point that it can be discharged into a waterway without seriously disrupting the aquatic environment or causing human health problems in the form of waterborne disease.

human feces
urine
"graywater"--washing, bathing, meal prep

pathogens
suspended solids
BOD
toxic chemicals
nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous)

amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms during the biochemical oxidation of organic (carbonacceous BOD) and inorganic (ammonia) matter.
-When bacteria consume organic matter in sewage, large amounts of dissolved oxygen are rapidly used up-- this can result in fish kills
-BOD is an indication of how much organic material is present in the water, with low BOD indicating good water quality and high BOD reflecting polluted conditions

Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment

physical process that involves the separation of large debris, followed by sedimentation

biological oxidation process carried out by microorganisms

Physicochemical process that removes additional componants

Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs)

Sanitary Sewage Overflows (SSOs)

-Remain in the environment for a long time
-Resist chemical and biological degradation
-Can travel long distances
-Bioaccumulate and biomagnify up the food chain
-Have found their way into every living organism on earth
-Have long half lives in people

Pesticides:
-Aldrin
-DDT/DDE
-Toxaphene
-Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

NO

controlling insects and harmful mosquitoes that carry malaria

1. Insulating fluid in transformers and capacitors
2. Lubricant

Yes

-Cause cancer in animals and are designated as probable human carcinogens
-immune system, reproductive system, and children's intellectual development
-limit immune responses to Epstein-Barr virus

family of chemical compounds that are unintentional byproducts of certain industrial, non-industrial and natural processes, usually involving combustion
-Dioxins are stable, resistant, and bioaccumulate in the food chain.

-Waste incineration****
-Pulp and paper industry
-Traffic exhaust
-Cigarette smoke
-High-temperature industrial processes

-Wasting syndrome and death
-Chloracne
-Hepatotoxicity
-Reproductive effects
-Birth Defects
-Endocrine disruption

reversible

1976 Seveso Italy Accident

Operation Ranch Hands

A residential treatment center for children and veterans affected by Agent Orange.

Harvey Wiley was an experimenter who gave Georgetown medical students food with borax, sulfuric acid, formaldehyde, etc to see what would happen

Harvey Wiley was an experimenter who gave Georgetown medical students food with borax, sulfuric acid, formaldehyde, etc to see what would happen

From now on, company had to adequately prove that a drug was safe and effective.

From now on, company had to adequately prove that a drug was safe and effective.

-All domestic and imported food sold in INTERSTATE commerce, including shell eggs, but not meat and poultry.
-Bottled water

-All domestic and imported food sold in INTERSTATE commerce, including shell eggs, but not meat and poultry.
-Bottled water

-Domestic and imported meat and poultry and related products (stews, pizzas, frozen foods)
-Processed egg products, but not shell eggs

-Domestic and imported meat and poultry and related products (stews, pizzas, frozen foods)
-Processed egg products, but not shell eggs

-Used to make urea
-Flame retardant
-Causes renal failure
-Thickener, elasticity and meat substitute
-Very inexpensive

-Used to make urea
-Flame retardant
-Causes renal failure
-Thickener, elasticity and meat substitute
-Very inexpensive

Milk

Kjeldahl

Milk

Archaic methodology

Kjeldahl

-Contaminant of improperly stored food crops
-Produced by few strains of a mold
-carcinogenic to animals at non-toxic levels
-lethal to animals at high levels
-Causes stunting

Archaic methodology

-Contaminant of improperly stored food crops
-Produced by few strains of a mold
-carcinogenic to animals at non-toxic levels
-lethal to animals at high levels
-Causes stunting

GRAIN
corn
wheat
rice
peanuts

GRAIN
corn
wheat
rice
peanuts

Balken Endemic Nephrapathy (BEN)
-kidneys are extremely reduced in size and weight and show fibrosis.

-grows in the same fields as wheat and the seeds co-mingle with the wheat berries and becomes incorporated into bread flour

removed authority from FDA to regulate and test dietary supplements

Saltshaker had sodium nitrite instead of sodium chloride

Prostate
Colon
Breast

Carcinogen: damages testes, nervous system
used for water treatment, flocculants, contact lenses, and permanent press fabrics

Kettle potato chips

-commonly found in soil that grow best in low oxygen
-inactivated by chlorination; destroyed by high temperature cooking
-home-canned foods with low acid content: green beans, beets, corn

BOTOX
most poisonous substance known
paralysis

costs to individual
industry costs
public health costs

Schwann's ice cream

-grows in unpasteurized soft cheese and milk
-flu-like symptoms, spontaneous abortions

causative bacteria from acne, boils, hang nails, etc

-nutrient availability
-moisture content
-oxygen-reduction potential
-temperature
-pH

improper holding temperature and poor personal hygiene

1. Analyze hazards
2. Identify critical control points
3. Establish preventive measures with critical limits for each control point.
4. Establish procedures to monitor the critical control points.
5. Establish correctie actions to be taken when monitoring shows that a critical limit has not been met
6. Establish procedures to verify that the system is working properly
7. Establish effective recordkeeping to document the HACCP system.

-on farm agriculture
-transportation
-Food preparation & handling
-Food processing
-Food service
-Consumer handling and use

Drinking water

-Food
-Inhalation
-Tobacco
-Water

3

Urine

Arsenic

Skin, lung, bladder cancer

-Alternative water sources
-Blending water sources
-Low cost and no residuals compared to treatment options

-Absorption media
-Coagulation microfiltration
-Reverse osmosis

cancer
respiratory disease
cardiovascular disease
diabetes

Ionizing radiation

-atoms that spontaneously undergo radioactive decay
-emit radiation upon decay
-are always "on"

Ionizing radiation

-Electron and x-ray sources
-can be switched on and off

-atoms that spontaneously undergo radioactive decay
-emit radiation upon decay
-are always "on"

doesn't come out other side because concentrates all energy on sheet of paper
-if it's emitted in the body, it penetrates cells, but it readily gives energy so they get large dose

-Electron and x-ray sources
-can be switched on and off

Travels further (not very penetrating)

doesn't come out other side because concentrates all energy on sheet of paper
-if it's emitted in the body, it penetrates cells, but it readily gives energy so they get large dose

very penetrating, it'll pass through clothing. pass through body with no interaction.

Travels further (not very penetrating)

-Radiation is outside the body
-Most risk from x rays or gamma rays (are able to penetrate into the body)

very penetrating, it'll pass through clothing. pass through body with no interaction.

-Radiation source is inside the body
-Most risk from alpha and beta particles (deposit a lot of energy over short distances)

-Radiation is outside the body
-Most risk from x rays or gamma rays (are able to penetrate into the body)

Disaster (nuclear power plant--> radioactive particulate matter)
-Severity is a function of dose
-Threshold exists
(skin reddening, mental and growth retardation, cataract formation)

-Risk is a function of dose
-No threshold
-Example: cancer

-Radiation source is inside the body
-Most risk from alpha and beta particles (deposit a lot of energy over short distances)

Disaster (nuclear power plant--> radioactive particulate matter)
-Severity is a function of dose
-Threshold exists
(skin reddening, mental and growth retardation, cataract formation)

-Risk is a function of dose
-No threshold
-Example: cancer

Where heat comes from
-Reactor with fuel rods
fossil fuel doesn't care about water, while nuclear fuel cares about it to prevent from overheating

nuclear reaction in which an atom splits into 2 'fission fragments' and gives off energy

the remaining heat of the fuel was cooled by power from emergency generators. the subsequent tsunami disabled the emergency generator.

prevent the global community from acheiving long-term gains in the control of carbon dioxide emissions.

1. high relative costs
2. perceived adverse safety, environmental, and health effects
3. potential security risks stemming from proliferation
4. unresolved challenges in long-term management of nuclear wastes

Probability x consequences

risk of an activity vs the benefit of that activity

the risk of an activity vs. the risk of not doing that activity

pesticides
fertilizers
irrigation
fossil fuels

waste
contamination
product

increase yield at lowest cost

Healthy
Green
Fair
Affordable
(Humane)

Oil
Natural gas
Electric energy
Biofuel production

Oil

nitrogen fertilizers

Phosphorus
-Non-substituionable; nonrenewable
-

Erosion, desertification, acidfication, salinization, loss of soil organic matter

-Resilient to drought
-Sequester more carbon
-Reduced erosion
-Healthier plants

crops use only 1/2 to 1/3 and the rest go to runoff
-Eutrophication

red meat and dairy (48%)

Methane

Nitrous oxide

CAFO: More energy and more inorganic fertilizers
Grass-fed: more enteric emissions (CH4)

-Good trails and sidewalks
-Nearby destinations
-Greenery
-Other people walking
-Safety

Healthy community design (density, mixed land use, activity centers, housing diversity)
-Placement of food stores, medical clinics, other essential services
-Law enforcement & maintenance
-Healthy transportation policy
-Transportation equity
-Collaboration

-Knowing and greeting neighbors
-Acknowledging and helping neighbors
-Less psychological aggression
-Less violent behavior

-Crowding
-Poor quality housing
-inadequate access to healthy food and recreational opportunities
-family turmoil and violence

home designed, constructed, maintained, or rehabilitated in a manner that supports the health of residents

1. keep your home dry
2. keep your home clean
3. keep your home pest-free
4. keep your home safe
5. keep your home contaminant-free
6. Keep your home ventilated
7. keep your home maintained

pets
pollen
dust mites
cigarette smoke
mold
cockroaches

-Pesticides (food products)
-Metals (lead paint, mercury contaminated foods)

-Energy efficient
-Less expensive
-Reduces air and water pollution
-High quality light
-Versatile

CONTAINS MERCURY

Lung cancer

Cigarette smoking
Cooking
Malfunctioning combustion appliances
Non-vented combustion appliances
wood-burning appliances
candles

-Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (vehicles, boilers, furnaces)

-Interferes with oxygen transport in blood by binding to hemoglobin
-Causes headaches, fatigue, cardiovascular disease, and central nervous system disorders

Nitrogen Dioxide

females have 300 babies

feces, stomach juices & dead body parts

toxigenic; mycotoxins

stachybotrys chartarum

-Reduce pesticide use
-Use less energy
-Recycle

-minimizing use of non-renewable resources
-sustainable use of renewable resources
-keeping within absorptive capacity of local and global sinks for waste
-keeping within absorptive capacity of local and global sinks for waste.

Solar energy comes in, ecosystem made of natural resources, energy resources, and nature's services, and heat goes out

maintenance of biodiversity
purification of air and water
protection from sun's harmful UV rays (ozone)

Globally, locally

carrying capacity

Overpopulation

Impact= population X affluence X technology

pollution
poverty
poverty

think long-term
understand systems
recognize limits
protect nature
transform business as usual
practice fairness
embrace creativity

WATER

temperature
precipitation
CO2 levels

plant pests
plant diseases
OZONE

population increase
global warming
land degradation
water availability
food security
stratospheric ozone depletion
Acid rain
loss of biodiversity

Environmental Risk Transition

deforestation
overgrazing
over cultivation
desertification
poor irrigation practices

Aral Sea
no more fishing/the land is uninhabitable

Ogallala aquifer in Nevada

SULFURIC ACID!