Ecology Lec 22-31

Shared derived trait that defines a clade

Green algaw that gave rise to the land plants.
Form a momphyletic group with land plants called streptophytes

1. Cuticle- Waxy covering that retards water loss
2. Stomata- Small closeable openings in leaves and stems that are used to regulate gass exchange. (not present in liverworts).

Xylem- Transports water rhyzom or root up
Phloem- Transports sugars from photosynthetic area down.

Collenchyma- Support tissue
Tracheid- Primitive zylem for water transport. Tracheal tissue allows plants to reach sky.

Gymnosperm- Conifers
Angiosperms- Flowering plants

Plants adapted to dry environments:
Behavioral, structural, &chemical adaptations (Crassulacean acid metabolism)

Dorsal= Top (back)
Ventral= Bottom (belly)
Anterior= head
Posterior= butt

Ovipositor- Wasps stings and lays eggs in host
Chelicera- Spiders mandible jaws

Organisms that live within body cells of other organisms

Pathogens= disease
Parasitoid- Spends significant portion of life attached to a single host.

of behavior is based on the concept that animals have limited time and energy

Variation in a trait, trait is heretible, results in differencial survival and reproduction

Sexual reproduction if benefiacial because of the diversification of offspring

Sexual reproduction is beneficial because it keeps pace with rapidly evolving parasites/ disease

Induviduals of the same species in a given area at a given time

Size, density, change in size over time, age structure, genetic structure

Areal extent of a population or species. They expand and contract

dN/dT= rN
Change in numbers over change in time= growth rate

External (density independent factors)
Self regulation (density dependent)
Interractions with other species (Density dependent)

The effect of induviduals in a population on other induviduals. Acts to increase death rate or decrease bith rate.

Summarizes mortality and survival rates. Shows survivalship with age

Measures the survival and fercundity of a cohort of induviduals.

Semelparious= One big bang reproduction
Iteroparus= Repeated episodes

Found in arctic at high elevations

Occurs at Lat. below arctic Tundra. Trees, shrubs, permeal herbs. Low percipitation

NE U.S, Asia, Europe. Winter= Cold Summer= warm and moist

Mostly dry through much of the year. Pkant richness= fairly high. Animals= few birds, but many mammals. Top soil is rich for growing crops

Located at 30 degrees N. and S. of equator. Animals= reptiles, bees, rodents.

Found at dry regions mid- high lat. Not many plants. Animals= seed eating birds, ants, and rodents

Midwest side of continent. Winter= cool and wet Summer= warm and dry. Plants= low growing shrubs and trees. animals= bees, rodents, reptiles.

most diversity in species. Soil is nutrient poor

Located on N. part of equator. contains needle leaf trees. Located just below tunda. Birds migrate here

Assemblage of species in the same place at the same time

Competition (-, -)
Consumer resource (+, -)
Mutualism (+, +)
Commensalism (+, 0)
Ammensalism (-, 0)

1. Interference- Direct competition; Physically prevents establishment
2. Exploitation- Indirect competition between species. Common in plants that co-occur with each other.
3. Apparent- Indirect comp. Occures when 2 species (a+b) that are both resources for another species (c).