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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Skills when talking to people
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Organizing thoughts logically, tailoring your message to audience, telling a story for maximum impact, adapting to listener feedback
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stage fright
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anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
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adrenaline
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A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.
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positive nervousness
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controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for their presentation
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Ways to deal with nervousness
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Acquire experience, prepare, think positively, use the power of visualization, Know that most nervousness is not visible, don't expect perfection
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visualization
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mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself giving a successful presentation.
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critical thinking
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focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences b/w fact and opinion.
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speaker
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the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener.
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message
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whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
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channel
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the means by which a message is communicated
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frame of reference
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the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same one.
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feedback
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The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.
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interference
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anything that impedes the communication of a message. Can be external or internal.
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situation
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time and place in which speech communication occurs
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ethnocentrism
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the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all others
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ethics
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the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
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ethical decisions
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sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
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name-calling
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use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
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Plagiarism
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presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own
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global plagiarism
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stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own
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patchwork plagiarism
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stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own
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incremental plagiarism
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failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
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paraphrase
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to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
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Ethical Listening
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Be courteous and attentive, avoid prejudging, maintain the free and open expression of ideas
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hearing
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The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain.
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listening
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Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.
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appreciative listening
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Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.
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empathetic listening
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Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker
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comprehensive listening
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Listening to understand the message of a speaker
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critical thinking
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Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
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spare "brain time"
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the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute)
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Causes of poor listening
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not concentrating, listening too hard, jumping to conclusions, focusing on delivery and personal appearance
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How to become a better listener
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Take listening seriously, be an active listener, resists distractions, don't be diverted by appearance or delivery, suspend judgment, focus your listening, take notes,
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active listening
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giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view
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key-word outline
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outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form
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Speaking extemporaneously
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combines the careful preparation and structure of a manuscript presentation with the spontaneity and enthusiasm of an unrehearsed talk
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topic
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the subject of a speech
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brainstorming
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a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas
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general purpose
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broad goal of a speech
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specific purpose
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a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech
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central idea
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one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
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residual message
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what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
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audience-centeredness
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keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
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identification
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process in which speakers seek to create a bond w/ the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences
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egocentrism
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the tendency of people to be concerned above all w/ their own values, beliefs, and well-being
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demographic audience analysis
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audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background
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stereotyping
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creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
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situational audience analysis
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audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion
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attitude
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a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
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fixed-alternative question
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questions that offer a fixed choice b/w two or more alternatives
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scale questions
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questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
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open-ended questions
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questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
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speech of introduction
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A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
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speech of presentation
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a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
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acceptance speech
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a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
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commemorative speech
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a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea
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