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What Model of Language (grammar) do we focus on in this class?
The Transformational Generative Grammar Model.
What is the Transformational Generative Grammar Model used for?
It's scientific and compatible with computers.
Who created the Transformational Generative Grammar Model?
Noam Chomsky
What is the first node in a Linguistic Tree?
S (Sentence or clause)
What 2 nodes follow the S in a Linguistic Tree?
NP (Noun Phrase) and VP (Verb Phrase
What 2 possible options of nodes must follow a NP in a Linguistic Tree?
1. N (noun)
2. Article + N (noun)
What 3 options of nodes can follow a NP in a Linguistic Tree?
1. V (verb)
2. NP
3. PP (Prepositional Phrase) (+ all it entails.)
What 2 nodes must follow a PP in a Linguistic Tree?
1. P (preposition)
2. NP
What are Constituents?
Everything below a specified branching point in a Linguistic Tree.
What 3 things do Linguistic Trees show?
1. The linear order of words in a sentence
2. The grouping of words into structural constituents.
3. The syntactic category of each structural constituent.
How do you locate the Subject in a Linguistic Tree?
The NP immediately dominated by (following) the S.
How do you locate the Direct Object in a Linguistic Tree?
The NP immediately dominated by (following) the VP.
What 4 things should any model of language do?
1. Recognize whether a sentence is well formed.
2. Recognize whether an utterance is ambiguous
3. Recognize whether an utterance is synonymous
4. Produce and understand an unlimited # of sentences never produced or heard before.
What are the 3 kinds of rules for the Transformational Generative Grammar Model?
1. Phrase Structure Rules (i.e. in the Linguistic Trees.)
2. Lexical Rules.
3. Transformational Rules
What 2 additional nodes can (but not necessary) follow a NP in a Linguistic Tree?
1. Adj.
2. PP
What 2 possible options of nodes must follow a NP in a Linguistic Tree?
1. N (noun)-->Pronoun
2. Article + N (noun)
What 3 options of nodes can follow a VP in a Linguistic Tree?
1. V (verb)
2. NP
3. PP (Prepositional Phrase) (+ all it entails.)
What 2 nodes must follow a PP in a Linguistic Tree?
1. P (preposition)
2. NP
What are Constituents?
Everything below a specified branching point in a Linguistic Tree.
What 3 things do Linguistic Trees show?
1. The linear order of words in a sentence
2. The grouping of words into structural constituents.
3. The syntactic category of each structural constituent.
List 4 examples of kinds of Lexical Rules.
noun/verb, count/uncount, animate/inanimate, transitive/intransitive.
List the 20 Operators.
1. am
2. is
3. are
4. do
5. does
6. did
7. have
8. has
9. had
10. can
11. could
12. would
13. should
14. shall
15. may
16. must
17. might
18. will
19. was
20. were
.
How do you transform a sentence into a Yes/No question?
Locate the operator of a sentence and move it to the front of the sentence.
How do you transform a sentence into a Negation?
Locate the 1st operator and add "not" after it.
How do you transform a sentence into a Tag Question?
Repeat the operative from the statement and change its polarity (from pos to neg & vice-versa)
How do you transform a sentence into Passive?
Move object to the front, provide a "be" verb, put the subject at the end.
In the rule ordering for Sentence Transformations, which must be done first, Passive or Y/N?
Passive.
T/F: Only some people speak a dialect.
False; everyone speaks a dialect.
T/F: American English has a standard pronunciation.
False.
Define Idiolect.
The dialect of each individual; each person has their own.