Elements of Grammar Flash Cards

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Title:	Elements of Grammar
Description:	SOS Language Arts 600 Test 1
Number of Cards:	48
Save Count:	17
Author:	ameliagmoger9
Created:	2008-12-05
Tags:	grammar sos
Private	No

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- Question
- Answer
- Side 3

- Complete Sentence
- A sentence is complete if it has both a subject noun phrase and a verb phrase.
- Subject/ Subject Noun Phrase
- The subject of a sentence tells who or what the sentence is about.
- Predicate/ Verb Phrase
- The predicate tells what the subject does, did, is, or was.
- Name the four sentence types
- Declarative
  Interrogative
  Imperative
  Exclamatory
- What is declarative sentence?
  What does it end with?
- The declarative sentence tells us something or declares something. It is a statement.
  It ends with a period.
- What is interrogative sentence?
  What does it end with?
- An interrogative sentence asks for information.
  It ends with a question mark.
- What is imperative sentence?
  What does it end with?
- An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It ends with a period or exclamation point.
- What is exclamatory sentence?
  What does it end with?
- An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling or excitement. It ends with an exclamation point.
- What are nouns?
- Nouns are naming words. Nouns give names to people, places, things, and ideas.
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 1
  BASIC RULE
- Plurals are normally formed by adding -s to the singular form.
  flight flights
  chance chances
  idea ideas
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 2
  NOUNS ENDING IN S, X, CH, SH, or Z
- When the singular form ends in s, x, ch, sh, or z, the plural is formed by adding -es to the singular.
  bias biases
  lens lenses
  tax taxes
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 2
  NOUNS ENDING IN Silent S
- Singular nouns ending in silent s do not change their forms in the plural.
  one corps two corps
  one chassis two chassis
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 3
  NOUNS ENDING IN Y
- When a singular noun ends in y preceded by a consonant, the plural is formed by changing the y to i and adding -es to the singular.
  copy copies
  lady ladies
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 3
  NOUNS ENDING IN Y preceded by a vowel
- When a singular noun ends in y preceded by a vowel, the plural is formed by adding -s to the singular.
  delay delays
  boy boys
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 4
  NOUNS ENDING IN O
- For singular nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel, the plural is formed by adding -s to the singular.
  stereo stereos
  ratio ratios
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 4
  NOUNS ENDING IN O preceded by a consonant
- Singular nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant form their plurals in different ways.
  hairdo hairdos
  photo photos
  potato potatoes
  hero heroes
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 5
  OUNS ENDING IN F, FE, or FF
- Most singular nouns that end in f, fe, or ff form their plurals by adding -s to the singular form.
  belief beliefs
  proof proofs
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 5
  OUNS ENDING IN F, FE, or FF
- Some commonly used nouns in this category form their plurals by changing the f or fe to ve and adding -s.
  half hal ves
  wife wi ves
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 5
  OUNS ENDING IN F, FE, or FF
- A few of these nouns have two plural forms (the preferred form is given first.)
  scarf scarves scarfs
  dwarf dwarfs dwarves
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 6
  NOUNS WITH IRREGULAR PLURALS
- The plurals of some nouns are formed by a change of letters within.
  mouse mice
  person people
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 6
  NOUNS WITH IRREGULAR PLURALS
- A few plurals end in -en or -ren.
  ox oxen
  child children
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 7
  COMPOUND NOUNS When a compound noun is a single word
- When a compound noun is a single word, make the final element in the compound word plural as if it stood alone.
  printout printouts
  hatbox hatboxes
  birthday birthdays
  grandchild grandchildren
  forefoot forefeet
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 7
  COMPOUND NOUNS The plurals of hyphenated or spaced compounds
- The plurals of hyphenated or spaced compounds are formed by making the chief element of the compound word plural.
  Example:
  father-in-law fathers -in-law
  runner-up runners -up
  lieutenant general lieutenant generals
- Plural Nouns
  RULE 7
  COMPOUND NOUNS When a hyphenated compound does not contain a noun as one of its chief elements
- When a hyphenated compound does not contain a noun as one of its chief elements, simply pluralize the final element.
  Example:
  hang-up hang-ups
  hand-me-down hand-me-downs
  show-off show-offs
- What is a Possessive Noun?
- Possession indicates ownership of something. Depending on whether nouns are singular or plural, regular or irregular, they take a variety of possessive endings.
- POSSESSIVE NOUNS
  SINGULAR NOUNS:
- All singular nouns form the possessive by adding an apostrophe ( ' ) and -s.
  Example:
  Sally's coat
  my brother's skates
- POSSESSIVE NOUNS
  SINGULAR NOUNS ending in s
- If a singular noun (James) ends in s, add an apostrophe s ( 's ) to make it possessive (James's).
- What are the three exceptions to the Possessive singular nouns ending in s rule?
- •Ancient, classical proper names ending in es.
  •The biblical names Jesus and Moses
  •Certain idiomatic expressions
- Possessive singular nouns ending in s exception I
- • Ancient, classical proper names ending in -es are by tradition written with just the apostrophe
  oAchilles' heel
  oAristides' loyalty
  oEuripides' plays
  oHippocrates' theory
  oUlysses' voyage
- Possessive singular nouns ending in s exception II
- • The biblical names Jesus and Moses are often written with just the apostrophe. This usage is becoming archaic, and many modern publications use the standard 's form. Either is correct.
  oJesus' resurrection; Jesus's resurrection
  oMoses' staff; Moses's staff
- Possessive singular nouns ending in s exception III
- •Certain idiomatic expressions have dropped the s indicating possession for convenience in pronunciation and are thus written with only the apostrophe:
  ofor goodness' sake
  ofor righteousness' sake
  ofor conscience' sake
- How do you form possessive plural nouns that end in -s?
- Plural nouns that end in -s form the possessive by adding an apostrophe only.
  the ladies' dressing room
  the boys' gym teacher
- How do you form possessive plural nouns that do not end in -s?
- Plural nouns that do not end in -s form the possessive by adding an apostrophe and -s.
  Example:
  the men's hats
  the children's toys
- How do you form possessive plural nouns in cases of joint possession?
- In cases of joint possession, only the last word shows possession.
  Example:
  Jack and Barbara's dog
  Mother and Father's car
- How do you form possessive plural nouns if objects are owned individually by more than one person?
- If objects are owned individually by more than one person, each person must be made to show possession.
  Example:
  Helen's and Linda's books
  Dorothy Johnson's and David Washington's law firms
- How do you form possessive plural compound nouns?
- In compound nouns (nouns made of more than one word) only the last word shows possession.
  Example:
  father-in-law's
  editor-in-chief's
- What are the two major groups that nouns are divided into?
- All nouns can be divided into two major groups: common nouns and proper nouns.
- What is a common noun?
- A common noun is a general name for something--book, bridge, state.
- What is a proper noun?
- A proper noun is a special name given to a particular thing or person--Alice in Wonderland, Golden Gate Bridge, Arizona. Proper nouns are always capitalized
- What are the two major groups that verbs are divided into?
- Action Verbs.
  State of Being Verbs.
- What is an action verb?
- Action verbs express some movement or action of the subject.
- What is a being verb?
- State of being verbs are used to show what or how a person or thing is instead of what he or it does. The most common state of being verbs are forms of the verb to be. Eight words are in this group:
  am, is, are, was, were,
  be, being, been
- What words can be substituted for being verbs?
- Any verb that joins or links the subject to another word in the predicate can be called a linking verb, being verb, or state of being verb. Linking verbs in this group include the following words:
  taste, feel, smell, sound,
  look, appear, become, seem,
  grow, remain, stay
- What is a simple predicate?
- The verb is located in the predicate of the sentence. For this reason, the verb is called the simple predicate. The simple predicate is the main word in the complete predicate.
- What is a linking verb?
- The usual way that being verbs are used, however, is to link the subject to another word that tells what or how the subject is. For this reason, these verbs are often called linking verbs.
- What is an adjective?
- An adjective always describes (modifies) a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives are used in different positions in sentences, but they always tell about nouns. Adjectives describe, limit, or point out nouns.
- What is an adverb?
- A word that modifies or describes a verb is called an adverb. Adverbs tell how, when, or where the action of the verb happens.
- What is an adverb phrase?
- When several words are used together to modify a verb, the combination of words is called an adverb phrase.