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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What develops into the midline
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notochord
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what induces the overlying ecotoderm to form the neural tube
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notochord
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what does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to
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skeletal muscle, vertebrae, dermis of the back
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where does paraxial mesoderm form
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lateral to the spinal cord
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where does intermediate mesoderm form
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lateral to the paraxil mesoderm
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what does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to
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Urogenital system
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where does lateral plate mesoderm form
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most lateral
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What two mesoderms does lateral plate mesoderm give rise to
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somatic mesoderm and splnchic mesoderm
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What forms somtatic mesoderm, what does somatic mesoderm form
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somatic formed from lateal plate mesosderm; it gives rise to dermis, connective tissue and cartilage and bone of the skeleton
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what forms splanchic mesoderm, what does splanchic form from
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lateral plate mesoderm; it gives rise to smooth muslce and cardiac muscle
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name the three types of mesoderm
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paraxial, intermediate, lateral
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What gives rise to somites
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paraxial mesoderm
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how manyt pairs of somites exist
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42-44 pairs
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What are the subdivisions of somites
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dermatome, myotome, sclerotome
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Formation of the neural tune and what does the NT give rise to
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Neurulation, neural tube gives rise to CNS - spinal cord and the brain
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Neural crest cells give rise to
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sensory neurons, autonomic neurons, supportive cells of the PNS, esp schwann cells. also give rise to pigment in the skin, head mesenchyme
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formation of the back muscles
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WNT from the dorsal spinal cord induces Myf5 in the myotome
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formation of the anterior body wall nad limb musculature (intercostal muscle, ab muscle, limb) muscle
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WNT from the body wall ectoderm induces myotome to express myoD
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Formation of bone
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1) mesenchymal cells migrate to region of presumptive vertbrae nad ribs
2) mesenchymal cells form pre-cartilage mass 3) cartilage is formed 4) cartilage is replaced with bone |
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what hormones act to form vertebra
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SHH induces PAX1 int eh sclerotome
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formation of vertebra
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1) sclerotome surrounds notochord nad neural tube
2) notochord and neural tube produce substanes that direct development 3) cartilage model begins to develop |
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what do limb buds form from
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apical ectoderm ridge- AER
w/o AER, the limb will not develop |
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what genes help determine where the limb buds develop
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HOX genes
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involved in determining forelimb and hindlimb
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TBX5(upper limb) TBX4 (lower limb)
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what is the pattern of digit formation dependent upon
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posterior limb bud mesoderm (ZPA)
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ZPA - zone of polarizing activity - influences hte overlying AER to produce what
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AER priduces retinoic acid, which initiates SHH that regualtes the AP axis
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What reglates the types and shapes of bones
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HOX expression (mainly HOXD and HOXA)
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What is the end of hte limb, intially
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a paddle
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HOw does hte limb paddle form into fingers
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Cell death (apoptosis) occurs along the AER, dividing the ridge into 5 regions
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When does development of the CV system start
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3rd week of gestation or 5th week LMP
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How long does it take for the heart to develop
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5 weeks
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when the heart begins to beat
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21 days of gestation
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septation of the heart, what and when
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4 chambers of the heart form, at 37 days of gestation
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what does the heart first begin as
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horshoe shaped pericardial cavity
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what occurs when the heart starts to beat at 21 days of gestation
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the two endocaridal heart tubes fuse into a sigle heart
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when does the respiratory system develop
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4th week of gestation
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two portions of the respiratory portion
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conducting portion and respiratory portion
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parts of the conducting portion of hte respiratory portion
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nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
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parts of the respiratory portion of the resp system
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respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
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what occurs in the alveoli
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gaseous exchange
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when is the indiffernet stage
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first 6 weeks of development (cant tell the sex)
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cleavage
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when the cell divides into 2
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how does blastocyst form
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compaction of morula as it moves down the uterine tube
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parts of the blastocyst
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a cavity surrounded by an outer trophoblast layer nad an inner cell mass
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center of the blastocyst
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blastocyst cavity, primary yolk sac
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what occurs during gastrulation
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establishes the three germs layers of the trilaminar embryo
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how is the trilaminar disc formed
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the top epiblast layer of the blastocyst migrates down to the space in between it and hte hypoblast.
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the three layers formed when the epiblast migrates downward (tri laminar)
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epiblast becomes the ectoderm, the migrated cells become the middle mesoderm, and hte hyoderm is replaced by epiblast cells to become the endoderm
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what composes the bilaminar disc
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epiblast and hypoblast
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which end of the neural tube become the spinal cord and brain
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the caudal end becomes the spinal cord and the fat cephalic end becomes the brain
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what does formation of the vertebrate body plan include
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ecto, endo and mesoderm
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what happens during lateral body folding
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the lateral edges of the ecto, meso and endoderm begin to fold under the embryo
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which layer that forms develops into a cavity
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lateral mesoderm (forms a somatic mesoderm and splanchic mesoderm)
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what starts forming when HOXB8 is expressed
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the upper limb
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3 layers of mesoderm and their order
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lateral, intermediate, paraxial LIPO
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when does fertilization occur
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14 days after LMP, first day of gestation
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when does implantation occur
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beginning of the third week of menstrual cycle
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when does gastrulation begin
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the time when next menstrual cycle would begin
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things occuring in the first 15 days of gestation
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ovulation (0),
fertilization (1), blastocyst (20-21), bilaminar disc (28), gastrulation (29) |
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gives rise to pluripotent stem cells
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inner cell mass (can dvlp into anything with help of endo, meso and ecto)
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Best chances for conception, worst chances?
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early 20's - 25% in one month
early 30's - 15% in one month late 40's - 10% in one month |
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what is hCG produced by
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syncytiotrophoblast cells
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what maintains hte corpus luteum for productionof pregesterone
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hCG
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what can detect pregnancy at 14 days of gestation
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hCG
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when can hCG be detected
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as soon as lucunae are formed and communicate with maternal blood
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compacted blastomeres form a (how many celled)?
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16 celled morula
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what does the outer cell mass of the blastocyst become
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trophoblast layer
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what does the trophoblast differentiate into
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inner layer, cytotrophoblast
outer lyaer, syncytiotrophoblast |
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what develop in the synctiotrophoblast
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lucuna
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what does the inner cell mass differentiate into
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epiblast, hypoblast
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what forms the bilaminar disc
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the inner cell mass forms the epiblast and hypoblast
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which germ layer that gives rise to organs and structures that maintain contact with the outside world
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ectoderm
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stuff arising from ectoderm
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CNS, PNS,
sensory epithelium of ear, nose, and eye - skin, hair and nails -pituitary, mammary and sweat glands |
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induction of the neural plate is regulated by INACTIVATION of what
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growth factor BMP4
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what causes widening of the neural tube
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actin
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what causes elongating of neural tube
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microfilaments
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what forms on either side of the neural tube
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somites
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what forms when the cranial neuropore closes
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the brain
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what forms when the causal neuropore closes
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spinal cord
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which germ layer gives rise to paraxial, intermediate nad lateral plate mesoderm
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mesodermal layer
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paraxial mesoderm forms somites, what do they give rise to
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supporting tissues of the body (muscle, cartilage, bone and subcutaneous layer)
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intermediate mesoderm forms what
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urogenital system (kidneys, gonds, ducts and accessory glands)
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what does lateral mesoderm form
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connective tissue of the viscera and limbs, pericardium, peritoneum, blood and lympg cells, CV and lymphatic systems
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what happens when the endodermal germ layer folds
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head, tail and lateral body folding leaves the foregut, midgut and hindgut
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what does the endodermal germ layer give rise to
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epithelial lings of pharynx, gi tract, resp tract nad urinary bladder.
parenchyma of hte thyroid, parathyroid, liver and pancreas. the epithelial lining of hte tympanic cacity nad audiotry tube |
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from what portion of hte somites do vertebra form
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sclerotome portions
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where are the sclerotome portions of the somites derived
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paraxial mesoderm
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what layer does the cardiovascular ssytem originate from
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mesodermal
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what do blood islands form
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pair of heart tubes that fuse into one
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Development of the Heart
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1)Horse shoe shaped pericardial cavity
2) formation of single heart tube 3) convolution of heart tube 4) primitive 4 chamber heart 5) atrial and ventricular septation 6) aorticopulmonary septation |
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What forms the pair of heart tubes
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blood islands that fuse together
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Bulges that appear when the heart tube fuses
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Top to bottom: aortic arches, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, sinous venosus
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Parts of bulbous cordus
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aortic sac, truncus art., conus cordis.
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ADult structure of truncus arteriosis
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aorta and pulmonary aretery
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Adult structure of conus arteriosus
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right ventricle
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adult structure of primitive ventricle
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left ventricle
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adult structure of Primitive atrium
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trabeculated portion of left adn right atrium
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adult structure of sinus venosus
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smooth portion of atrium
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adult structure of pulmonary vein
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smooth portion of left atrium
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allows blood to be shunted right atrium to left atrium
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septum primium
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4th aortic arch gives rise to..
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arch of aorta on the left and subclavina artery on the right
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6th proximal aortic arch gives rise to...
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right and left pulmonary artery
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distal 6th aortic arch gives rise to...
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ductus arteriosis on the left, dissappears on the right
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Prior to birth how is blood passage through the lungs diminished
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open foramen ovale and dusctus arteriosus
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At birth what changes occur in the heart
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ductus arteriosus closes
oval foramen closes |
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how does the foramen ovale close
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increased venous return from teh lungs raises pressure in the atrium, closing it
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Stages of lung development
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1)bronchi divide into bronchioles
2) bronchioles give rise to alveolar ducts 3) terminal sacs form that permit gas excahnge, surfactant forms 4) alveoli continue to be formed with increase SA where caps and alveolar cells are in contact |
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Subdivisions of the gut tube
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foregut, midgut, hinggut
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foregut forms
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esophogus to the stomach and lower end of duodenum (also liver, pancreas)
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midgut forms
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primary intestinal loop, duodenum before the bile duct, 2/3 of large intestine
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hindgut forms
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remaining large intestine through the rectum and part of the anal canal
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Rotation of hte gut tube
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-stomach rotates 90 degrees around along axis
- then the stomach and duodenum rotate upwards - this creates a C shape - small intestine (mid gut) rotates |
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where do the connective tissue and muscular components of the digestive system originate
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in the mesoderm
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what does the epithelial lining of the digestive system and the parenchyma (fxn parts) originate
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endoderm
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name three embryonic kidneys
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pronephros, mesonephros, metaneprohs
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First kidnet, never fully dvlps, degenerates
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pronephros
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first set of fxn kidneys, later used in male repro ductive system
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mesonephros
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becomes adult kidney
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meatanephros
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where do the urinary and genital systems develop from
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mesodermal tissue
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