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50 Cards in this Set

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what organs don't need insulin for glucose uptake?
- Brain
- RBC's
- Intestine
- Cornea
- Kidney
- Liver
what uses GLUT-1?
- RBC's
- brain
what uses GLUT-2?
- beta-islet cells
- liver
- kidney
what uses GLUT-4?
(insulin responsive)
- adipose tissue
- skeletal muscle
HT-pit horm regulation: TRH →
(+) TSH, prolactin
HT-pit horm regulation: Dopamine →
(-) prolactin
HT-pit horm regulation: CRH→
(+) ACTH→ cortisol
HT-pit horm regulation: GHRH→
(+) GH → IGF-1
HT-pit horm regulation: somatostatin→
(-) GH, TSH
HT-pit horm regulation: GnRH→
(+) FSH, LH
HT-pit horm regulation: prolactin→
(-) GnRH
what drug stims dopamine release from the HT?
dopamine agonists--like bromocriptine
what drug inhibits dopamine release from the HT?
dopamine antagonists--antipsychotics
what do dopamine agonists do to prolactin release?
inhibit its release
(so, for instance, you can use bromocriptine to tx a prolactinoma)
what do dopamine antagonists do to prolactin release?
stim its release
where is dopamine secreted from?
the arcuate nucleus in the HT
hormones changes seen w/ 17a-hydroxylase deficiency
↓ sex hormones
↓ cortisol
↑ mineralocorticoids
17a-hydroxylase deficiency sxs
- HYPERtension
- hypokalemia
- XY: ↓DHT = pseudoherm (ext phenotypic fem, no internal repro structures d/t MIF)
- XX: ext phenotypic fem w/nl internal sex organs but lacking 2* sex chars ("sexual infantalism")
congenital adrenal hyperplasias
(1) 17a-hydroxylase deficiency
(2) 21-hydroxylase deficiency
(3) 11b-hydroxylase deficiency
hormone changes seen w/ 21-hydroxylase deficiency
↓ cortisol (↑ ACTH)
↓ mineralocorticoids
↑ sex hormones
21-hydroxylase deficiency sxs
- masulinizaiton
- fem pseudoherm
- HYPOtension
- hyperkalemia
- ↑ plasma renin
- vol depletion
- salt wasting can l/t hypovolemic shock in newborn
- ↑ 17-hydroxyprogesterone
MC congenital adrenal hyperplasia
21-hydroxylase deficiency
hormone changes seen w/ 11b-hydroxylase deficiency
↓ cortisol
↓ aldost & corticosterone
↑ sex hormones
11b-hydroxylase deficiency sxs
- masculinizaiton
- HYPERtension
- (like aldost, 11-deoxycorticosterone is a mineralocorticoid & is secr in excess)
all congenital adrenal enzyme deficiencies are characterized by ___ of the adrenal glands d/t ___
- char by ENLARGEMENT of the adrenal glands
- d/t ↑ACTH stim b/c of ↓ lvls of cortisol
functions of cortisol
1) maintains BP (by upreg a1-receptors on arterioles = vasoconstr)
2) ↓ bone formation
3) anti-inflam
4) ↓ immune fxn
5) ↑ gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis (↑ risk DM)
source of cortisol
adrenal zona fasciculata
pathway of cortisol production
CRH (HT) stims ACTH release (pit), causing cortisol production in adrenal zona fasciculata
source of PTH
chief cells of parathyroid
functions of PTH
1) ↑ bone resorp of Ca2+ & phosphate
2) ↑ kidney resorp of Ca2+ in distal convoluted tubule
3) ↓ kidney resorp of phosphate
4) ↑ 1,25-(OH)2 vit D (calcitriol) production by stim'ing kidney 1a-hydroxylase
↓ free serum Ca2+ = ? PTH secr
↓ free serum Ca2+ = ↑ PTH secr
↓ free serum Mg2+ = ? PTH secr
↓ free serum Mg2+ = ↓ PTH secr
common causes of ↓Mg2+
- diarrhea
- AG's
- diuretics
- alcohol abuse
↑PTH does what to serum Ca2+, serum (PO4)3, and urine (PO4)3 ??
↑PTH:

- ↑ serum Ca2+
- ↓ serum (PO4)3
- ↑ urine (PO4)3
sources of vitamin D
- sun sxposure in skin
- D2 ingested from plants
- both converted to 25-OH vit D in liver
- & 1,25-(OH)2 vit D (ative form) in kidney
functions of vit D
1) ↑ absorp of dietary Ca2+
2) ↑ absorp of dietary phosphate
3) ↑ bone resorp of Ca2+ & (PO4)3
↑PTH = ? 1,25-(OH)2 vit D production
↑PTH = ↑1,25-(OH)2 vit D production?
↓[Ca2+] = ? 1,25-(OH)2 vit D production
↓[Ca2+] = ↓1,25-(OH)2 vit D production
↓phosphate = ? 1,25-(OH)2 vit D production
↓phosphate = ↑1,25-(OH)2 vit D production
if you do not get vit D you get...
- rickets (kids)
- osteomalacia (adults)
the inactive form of vit D
24,25-(OH)2 vit D
what does 1,25-(OH)2 vit D do to Ca2+ & phosphate?
↑ absorp of BOTH
source of calcitonin
parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid
function of calcitonin
- ↓ bone resorp of calcium
- opposes actions of PTH
- not imp in nl Ca2+ homeosasis
↑ serum Ca2+ = ? calcitonin secretion
↑ serum Ca2+ = ↑ calcitonin secretion
what hormones use the signaling pathway cAMP?
1) FSH
2) LH
3) ACTH
4) TSH
5) CRH
6) hCG
7) ADH (V2 receptor)
8) MSH
9) PTH
10) calcitonin
11) glucagon
what hormones use the cGMP signaling pathway?
1) ANP
2) NO (EDRF)
(think vasodilators)
what hormones use the IP3 signaling pathways?
1) GnRH
2) GHRH
3) oxytocin
4) ADH (V1 receptor)
5) TRH
what hormones use steroid receptor as a signaling pathway?
1) glucocorticoid
2) estrogen
3) progesterone
4) testosterone
5) aldosterone
6) vit D
7) T3/T4
what hormones use tyrosine kinase as a signaling pathway?
1) insulin
2) IGF-1
3) FGF (fibroblast growth factor)
4) PDGF
5) proactin
6) GH