ENV 289 Nature in the City- Final Exam

1.Neighborhood Greens
2.Civic Greens
3.Neighborhood Parks
4.Community Parks
5.Community Gardens
6.Natural, Scenic and Cultural Reservations
7.Greenways
8.Ecological Preserves

A park is socially sustainable if, throughout its existence, people of every age, ethnicity and income want to be there.

A park's functional sustainability is dependent on people's continuing ability to get to and enjoy those destinations without interfering with everybody else in the park.

The park's sustainability is a product of a design and an attitude that assumes human beings are an integral part of nature

Public parks are a political asset because:
1.provide patronage jobs
2.added tax revenue
3.increase in property market values and demand
.

1.parks are a work of art and as such constantly evolving
2.the park changes with the weather, time of day and season of the year.

The extraordinary intetwining of these aspects of sustainability provides the explanation for the success of Olmsted and Vaux design for Central Park

Places where you gather with larger crowds

impressing the mind with a sense of grandeur or power; inspiring awe, veneration, etc.: Switzerland has sublime scenery.

vast, large

Olmsted believed that being surrounded by natural beauty would help the patient's mental state of being

1. principal focus , Also called: focus the point on the axis of a lens or mirror to which parallel rays of light converge or from which they appear to diverge after refraction or reflection
2. a central point of attention or interest

having the simplicity, charm, serenity, or other characteristics generally attributed to rural areas: pastoral scenery; the pastoral life.
2.
pertaining to the country or to life in the country; rural; rustic.

Meadow or field

Brown, Capability (Lancelot Brown), 1715-83, English landscape gardener, b. Kirkharle, Northumberland. The leading landscape gardener of his time, he is known for designing gardens that broke with the French formal tradition. He favored a distinctively English style of grandly picturesque, natural-appearing, and asymmetrically structured landscapes replete with groves of trees, expansive lawns, meandering streams, and sylvan lakes. Brown began as a young gardener to the gentry and, working at the famous gardens at Stowe during the 1740s, became a disciple of William Kent. In 1749 he became a consulting gardener and earned his nickname by often telling clients that their properties had "capabilities." Brown created many of the most important gardens of the 18th cent., including those at Petworth House, Kew, Blenheim Palace, Ashburnham Place, and Warwick Castle. He also designed several country houses.

Olmsted, Frederick Law, 1822-1903, American landscape architect and writer, b. Hartford, Conn. Although his Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England had appeared in 1852, Olmsted first attained fame for journalistic accounts of his travels in the American South during the early 1850s. In these works, published in book form as A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (1856), A Journey through Texas (1857), A Journey in the Back Country (1860), and Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom (1861), he painted vivid pictures of the evils of slaveholding society. During the Civil War he served as secretary to the U.S. Sanitary Commission and pioneered various concepts of public health.

When Central Park in New York City was projected (1856), Olmsted and Calvert Vaux prepared the plan that was accepted two years later, and Olmsted superintended its execution. The well-planned public park was a new departure, which Olmsted developed in many other parks and cities, e.g., Prospect Park, Brooklyn, N.Y.; South Park, Chicago; Mt. Royal Park, Montreal; park systems in Buffalo and Boston; and the grounds of the Capitol, Washington, D.C. One of his most spectacular achievements was the laying out of the grounds for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, which he afterward redesigned as Jackson Park. Olmsted also took an interest in the creation of college campuses, e.g., Berkeley (1864), and state and national parks. In addition, he designed parkways and was involved in city planning.

small space like a park bench, gazebo, inner courtyard

Alone

Trees, shrubs, plants, flowers, and water organized into easily understandable, geometric patterns and enhanced by works of art.

Lovely fountains, outdoor spaces that became extensions of splendid residences

Formal in design

1.Formal in design
2.axial organization and decoration
3.rectangular carpets of green lawn
4.geometric plant displays that decorate the ground plane
5.formal double rows of trees
6.geometrically clipped hedges
7.strategically placed sculptures

1.Curvilinear and asymmetrical
2.appears to be natural
3.organized to be understood only as one experiences the appearing and disappearing views from strolling through the garden

Sacred grove or forest

has to do with the home and deals with anything you learn INSIDE the home.

Smaller, intimate places, like dormitory

OUTSIDE social life interacting with other people. civil society. good citizenship. places that you gather

Straight lines (French and Italian)

Curves and follows the natural landscape (English)

1909 Plan of Chicago
Grant Park, axial corridors, active extension of the city,
Recognition for design and arrangement of buildings in Chicago

1 - park and boulevard network
2 - transportation, moving the freight and commuter railways and stations
3 - the lakefront, eg. Grant Park
4 - diagonal streets
5 - a monumental civic center
6 - Michigan Avenue realignment at the river

the responsible overseeing and protection of something considered worth caring for and preserving: New regulatory changes will result in better stewardship of lands that are crucial for open space and wildlife habitat.

The Pearl District is an area of former warehouses, light industrial and railroad classification yards in Portland, Oregon now noted for its art galleries and upscale businesses and residences. The area has been undergoing significant urban renewal since the late 1990s, including removal of a viaduct and construction of the Portland Streetcar, and is now full of high-rise condominiums and warehouse-to-loft conversions.

It is located just north of downtown between West Burnside Street on the south, the Willamette River on the north, NW Broadway on the east and the Interstate 405 freeway on the west.

The area is home to several Portland icons, including Powell's City of Books. The former Weinhard Brewery, which operated continuously from 1864 to September 1999, was shut down by Stroh's upon the purchase of the Weinhard's brand by Miller Brewing and sold for redevelopment as the Brewery Blocks. Art galleries and institutions (many who stage monthly receptions), boutiques, and restaurants abound, and there are also a number of small clubs and bars. The United States Post Office main processing facility for all of Oregon and SW Washington was built in the Pearl in 1964, next to Union Station. This location was chosen in order for the post office to be able to better serve towns outside the Portland metro area.

The district includes most of the historic North Park Blocks (1869), as well as two recently developed, highly innovative public plazas:

Jamison Square (2002) is built around a fountain which simulates a tidal pool (very popular with toddlers) that is periodically filled by artificial waterfalls and then drained into a grating.
Tanner Springs Park (2005) is a recreated natural area featuring wetlands, walking trail, and creek.

Free wireless internet (provided by Personal Telco) is available in the Pearl District.
History
The area was formerly used for warehousing, light industrial purposes and a railroad yard and was known as the "Northwest Industrial Triangle".

In the 1990s, an elevated portion of NW Lovejoy Street from the Broadway Bridge past NW 10th Avenue was demolished, opening dozens of surrounding blocks (including some brownfield sites) for development, which peaked in the 2000s. The viaduct was notable for having columns painted by a railroad watchman who worked below; two of them have been saved The increasing density has attracted a mix of restaurants, brewpubs, shops, and art galleries, though in some cases pioneering tenants have been priced out of the area. The Portland Streetcar opened in 2001

According to the Pearl District Business Association, Thomas Augustine, a local gallery owner, coined the name Pearl District more than 10 years ago to suggest that its industrial buildings were like crusty oysters, and that the galleries and artists' lofts within were like pearls. "There were very few visible changes in the area," says Al Solhiem, a developer who has been involved in many projects in the district. "People would drive by and not have a clue as to what was inside." As local business people were looking to label the growing area—the "warehouse district" or the "brewery district" were two suggestions—a writer for Alaska Airlines borrowed Augustine's phrase, according to Solheim. The name stuck.

Atlanta
non-profit to raise money to maintain the park systems
Also, education programs
historic tours
bird-watching walks
a green market
a botanical garden
a running track
2 softball fields
2 volleyball courts
Above and beyond stewardship

They are comparatively small, formal ornamental grounds, often with a hard surface and dominated by surrounding buildings. They are intimately ordered with the abutting streets and are usually graced by monuments, statues, and fountains. Ideally an important public building would face upon an urban square.
Examples front the Orlando History Center and the Orange County Courthouse

Open green space that range is size from a mews to 2 acres. Unlike a Neighborhood Park they do have playground equipment, but provide room for local gatherings and children’s play. There is vegetation and natural scenery but does not provide an isolated experience for the user.
Ideally, they are sited to enhance the visual quality of a neighborhood and the pedestrian experience. In more dense urban neighborhoods, they are cost effective ways to evenly provide open space. These spaces, however, are not a substitute for larger neighborhood parks or civic greens.
Examples: Fox Street Mews (Baldwin Park), Dickson Azalea Park (Orlando).

Civic greens can range from 1 to 10 acres. Their purpose is to provide open space in an urban setting that can often utilize an existing urban block. Unlike a neighborhood green, they are fronted by civic uses and are valued community gathering places.
Examples: Centennial Park (Sanford), Central Park (Winter Park).

Neighborhood parks integrate open space and active play and can range in size from 1 to 20 acres. Their purpose is to provide recreational activities for visitors and residents of a neighborhood area. Playgrounds provide healthy activity for children although they may be loud when occupied by them. Therefore they should be screened from adjacent residents and occupied buildings or located at the center of larger parks systems.
Examples: Park on Park (Sanford) Wadeview Park (Orlando).

Community Parks can range between 20 and 200 acres and are intended to provide recreation activities and relaxation for a community, i.e., both passive and active. Some activities may include concerts, camping, and recreational. A community park may serve multiple neighborhoods or a region depending on size and should be within close proximity when possible in order to provide adequate access.
Examples: Ft. Mellon Park (Sanford), Ward Park (Winter Park)

A community garden can be up to two acres in size but our usually one acre or less. Anything larger may be considered a farm. The community garden should be located within a neighborhood to provide close proximity to the homes and ensuring adequate access. Community gardens may be either publicly or privately owned. Accessibility should be open to all who wish to participate within the neighborhood. Examples: Billie Dean Community Garden (Apopka), Colonial Town Community Garden (Orlando)

Scenic or cultural reservations celebrate a historical aesthetic quality while natural reservations tend to be preserves or natural habitats undergoing restoration. Small preserves, botanical gardens established before World War II, and ecological restoration sites in urban areas exemplify this category. They range in size from 2 to 50 acres and ideally contain enough quality habitat and canopy cover to provide nesting for large bird species and serve as stepping stones for migrating species.
Examples: Palm Island Park (Mt. Dora) Lake Baldwin Park (Orlando).

Greenways are linear routes that provide buffering (at least 20’) and safe passage for pedestrians and/or bicyclists. They can range in scope from formal pedestrian promenades to bicycle trails transversing the hinterlands. Ideally, greenways connect park systems and provide safe alternative transportation routes to schools and even shopping.
Examples: West Orange Trail (Orange County), Cross Seminole Trail (Seminole County).

These larger parks allow individuals to experience isolation in a natural landscape. Ecological preserves are part of a system of wilderness corridors and provide are key to ecosystem function. They are protected from significant human development and create natural boundaries for the region. They should be a minimum of 500 acres.
Examples: Wekiva River Buffer Conservation Area (Seminole County) Little Econ State Forest (Seminole County).