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Atmosphere
A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet, suchas Earth.
Troposphere
The lowest layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature drops at a constant rate as altitude increases; the part of the atmosphere where weather conditions exist.
Stratosphere
The layer of the atmosphere, that lies immediately above the troposhpere and extends from about 10 to 50km above the Earth's surfacce, in which temperature increases as altitude increases; contains the ozone layer.
Ozone
A gas molecule that is made up of oxygen atoms.
Radiation
The energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and infrared waves.
Conduction
The transfer of energy as heat through a material.
Convecion
The movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations; can result in the transfer of energy as heat.
Greenhouse Effect
The warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and reradiate infrared radiation.
Water Cycle
The continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean.
Evaporation
The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas.
Condensation
The change of state from a gas to a liquid.
Precipitaion
Any form of water that falls to the Earth's surface from the clouds; includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail.
Salinity
A measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid.
Freshwater
Water that contains insignificant amounts of salts, as in rivers or lakes.
Biosphere
The part of Earth where life exists.
Open System
A system that can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings.
Closed System
A system that cannot exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.