Epidemiology CK

Once every 10 years in patients over 50 years of age
or 40 years or greater for patients w/ high risk of patients

CT virtual colonoscopy is comparable and can be used every five years as an initial screening exam

once every five years in patients 50 or older

or 40 or older of age for high-risk patient

Once every year in patients 50 years of age or greater

or 40 years of age or greater in high risk patients

Once every 1-3 years in patients 20-40 years of ae

Once yearly in patients 40 years of age or greater

once every year within 3 years after onset of vaginal intercourse, but no later than 21 up to age 30

once every two years w/ liquid based Pap test

Interval can be increased to once every 2-3 years for women > 30 years of age w/ three - cytology tests

Once every 1-2 years in patients 40 you or older

Once yearly in patients 50 years of age or greater

Offer every year to high-risk patients at 40 years and to others at 50 years

Offer every year to high-risk patients at 40 years adn to others at 50 years of age

Offers every three years to female patients in 20s and 30s, and every year to females 40 or more years of age

true positive / (true positive / false negative)

true negative / (true negative + false positive)

probability that someone + truly has disease

TP/(TP + FP)

probability that someone - truly does not have disease

TN/(TN + FN)

how much more likely a given test result is in disease sate as opposed to non-disease state

(diseased people w/ + result) / (nondiseased people w/ + result)

(diseased people w/ - result) / (nondiseased people w/ - result)

prospective study that provides incidence (new cases)

uses relative risk

Retrospective study that provides prevalence (total cases)

uses odds ratio

Provides prevalence "snapshot"

describes unusalpatient

Describes several unusual patients

Panel of experts provides a recommendation

tries to combine data from many trials

incidence of disease

incidence of disease due to risky exposure, on top of background incidence from other causes

e.g.,
(number of injuries among staff who used scissors) - (number of injuries among staff who did not use scissors)

(incidence in exposed) / (incidence in unexposed)

estimate of relative risk that is used in case-control studies

(odds that a diseased person is exposed) / (odds that a nondiseased is exposed)

95% sure it lies within the interval

number needed to treat to change one life

random chance that you will be wrong 1 out of 20 times

nothing's happening

power of detecting a true intervention

P value error, false negative

"too optimistic"

Power error, false positive

"too positive"

validity / truth

reliability

sample selected from other groups in additional determinants of outcome

e.g., surgeon picks patients w/o comorbidity for study

data-gathering methods differ btw groups

third variable associated w/ both the dependent variable and independnet variable, idnucing false positive (type I bias)

difference btw two groups in retrospective recall of past factors or outcomes

e.g., patient w/ cancer more motivated to recall past episodes of exposure than healthy person

earlier detection of disease, gives appearance of prolonged survival, when natural course not actually altered

screening detects disproportionate # of slowly progressive diseases, but misses rapidly progressive ones, overestimating the benefit of the screen

low

measures to decrease incidence of disease

identifying disease early, when asymptomatic or mild, and implementing measures that can halt or slow disease progression

measures that decrease morbidity and mortality, resulting from presence of disease

birth
1 month
6 month

2 months
4 months
6 months
18 months
4-6 years
11-12 y: TdaP

2 months
4 months
6 months
12 months

2 months
4 months
6 months
4-6 yrs

12 months
4-6 years

12 months
4-6 years

2 mo
4 mo
6 mo
12 mo

65 yo

11-12 yo

12 mo
18 mo

6 mo
1 year
then annually

birth
1 month
6 month

2 months
4 months
6 months
18 months
4-6 years
11-12 y: TdaP

2 months
4 months
6 months
12 months

2 months
4 months
6 months
4-6 yrs

12 months
4-6 years

2 mo
4 mo
6 mo