ESP 172 Flash Cards

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Title: ESP 172
Description: ESP 172 Midterm Concepts
Number of Cards: 51
Save Count: 0
Author: tangledflasher
Created: 2009-10-18
Tags: esp172 land management
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    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • Land Ordinance of 1785
    • Goal of the ordinance was to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original colonies acquired from Britain at the end of the Revolutionary War. established the basis for the Public Land Survey System - Land was to be systematically surveyed into square townships
    • Gifford Pinchot
    • The first Chief of the US Forest Service (1905–1910). Known for reforming the management and development of forests in the US and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. He called it "the art of producing from the forest whatever it can yield for the service of man." Pinchot coined the term conservation ethic as applied to natural resources.
    • Deep ecology
    • A philosophy that emphasizes the equal value of human and non-human life as well as the importance of the ecosystem and natural processes. Core principle is the claim that, like humanity, the living environment as a whole has the same right to live and flourish.
    • Homestead Act of 1862
    • US Federal law that gave an applicant freehold title to 160 acres of undeveloped land outside of the original 13 colonies. The new law required three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. Government, including freed slaves, could file an application and improvements to a local land office. Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln.
    • Antiquities Act of 1906
    • Passed by the US Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt. Intended to allow the President to set aside certain valuable public natural areas as park and conservation land - given the title of "National Monuments." Allows him to reserve or accept private lands for that purpose. Aim is to protect all historic and prehistoric sites on US federal lands and to prohibit excavation or destruction of these antiquities. With this act, this can be done much more quickly than going though the Congressional process of creating a National Park.
    • Northern Spotted Owl
    • Protection of the owl, under both the Endangered Species Act and the National Forest Management Act, has led to significant changes in forest practices in the northwest. inhabits old growth forests in the northern part of its range (Canada to southern Oregon) and landscapes with a mix of old and younger forest types in the southern part of its range (Klamath region and California)
    • National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969
    • Established a U.S. national policy promoting the enhancement of the environment and also established the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). Magna Carter of the Environment.
      NEPA's most significant effect was to set up procedural requirements for all federal government agencies to prepare Environmental Assessments (EAs) and Environmental Impact Statements (EISs)
    • Public Good
    • Public Lands per economists
      Non-rivalrous, non excludable
      Consumption of the good by one individual does not reduce availability of the good for consumption by others; and that no one can be effectively excluded from using the good.
    • Intergenerational Goods
    • Goods or services established or created to provide to future generations. Preserved land example bc natural resources are intact for future generations.
    • Common Pool Resources
    • Non-excludable, but rivalrous
      Public lands examples: Forests, rangelands, trail systems
      Leads to overconsumption of rivalrous goods
      Private costs of consumption do not reflect total social costs
      Costs of consumption by one individual are spread to the entire group
      These social costs of consumption are what Loomis calls “externalities”
      Externalities can also be downstream externalities, like flooding from poor logging practices
    • Governance Institutions
    • Define property rights (operational rules)
      Structure policy process (collective-choice rules)
      Provide context for formulation and implementation of policy
      Shape way knowledge comes to policy
      Shape relationship between agencies, private associations,
      organized constituencies
      Example: Grazing Advisory Boards, changing to Resource Advisory Councils (1995) changes structure of representation at BLM (enviro, commercial, state/loc gov)
    • Presidential Powers
    • Agenda-setting, Veto, Appointment, Removal power, Budgetary authority, Reorganization power, Executive orders, Centralized regulatory review, Policy coordination
    • Julie MacDonald
    • Appointed in 2004 to Deputy Assistant Secretary of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, oversight of ESA. Manipulated data to fit current administration ideas. Resigned in 2007.
    • Excludability
    • A good or service is said to be excludable when it is possible to prevent people who have not paid for it from having access to it.
    • Externality
    • An impact on a party that is not directly involved in the transaction
    • Statehood grants
    • Congress gives states certain amount of lands, and also revenue from fed sales. “In-place” grants of specific numbered sections for public schools (with later states receiving more sections); “indemnity” lands. “Quantity grants” of specified amount of acreage selected by state; revenue generation. Each statehood grant had specific terms for public lands; no single formula; become more liberal over time. Congress made other grants to states over time for public improvements, including Morrill Act of 1862, which gave 30,000 acres for each Senator or representative for A&M Schools (I.e. UC Davis and Land Grant Universities). In total, states received 328 million acres
    • "Great Barbecue"
    • Transfer public lands into private hands on a wholesale basis to conquer nature (nature = evil). Term coined by Vernon Parrington (historian). Period of abundance of land and natural resources. Not sustainable - doesn't exists today.
    • Railroad Land Grants
    • Congress made massive grants to railroads in late 1800s
      Right-of-ways, construction loans, plus odd-numbered sections of surveyed land; for example, for each mile built, railroad gets 20 odd- number sections in a 20 mile belt
      Establishes the checkerboard pattern of alternating Federal and non- Federal ownership
      Railroads supposed to dispose of their land at $1.25 per acre, and use revenue to finance construction and operation
      Huge influence on western development; opened up Western agricultural markets, promoted tourism, coordination point for development
      In total, railroads received 94 million acres
    • "Lords of Yesterday"
    • 1. 1872 Hardrock Mining Law--which allows mining on the public land at no expense and even allows mining companies to buy land at $5.00 an acre if they have begun successful
      mining operations.

      2. The BLM allows grazing on over 170 million acres of public land at fees set at a fraction of their market value.

      3.The Forest Service still encourages private logging in the public forests, building logging roads and making logging the primary use of the National Forests. The Forest Service pays more for the roads and logging efforts than
      they get back in logging fees.

      4. The Bureau of Reclamation encourages and supports the massive use of water for agriculture in the West, which has led to massive dam building and irrigation efforts that
      are paid for by the general public to the benefit of agricultural interests.

      5. Prior appropriation doctrine which allows senior water users to capture and exploit water rights at the expense of junior water users. These water rights-first in time, first in right--cannot be taken away unless the government pays full compensation.
    • Progressive Era
    • Managerial efficiency and a science of administration
    • Externalities
    • Social costs of consumption, can also be downstream ... flooding as a result of poor logging practices
    • Private Goods
    • excludable (can prevent a class of consumers), rivalrous (consumption by one prevents consumption by others), and uncongested. for profit
    • Rivalrous consumption
    • Rival goods are goods whose consumption by one consumer prevents simultaneous consumption by other consumers.
    • Collective Action
    • The pursuit of a goal or set of goals by more than one person (public choice)
    • Tragedy of the Commons
    • A dilemma described in Garrett Hardin's article (1968) describing a dilemma in which multiple individuals acting independently and solely and rationally consulting their own self-interest will ultimately destroy a shared limited resource even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long term interest for this to happen.
    • Property rights
    • Operational Rules - “Bundles of sticks”, where each stick represents possible resource use
      Property rights define permitted, prohibited, and required uses
      Excludability is the basis for property rights
      In public lands, property rights embodied in resource
      management plans, permits, etc.
      Hypothesis of this class: All public land management is about defining property rights to the use of natural resources
    • Collective Choice Rules
    • Define procedures for making decisions about property rights structure
      Define actors who are allowed to participate
      Includes macroscale institutions like Congress, Courts, and
      President
      Also includes specific administrative procedures for decision-making, such as Forest Service planning regulations
    • Natural resource regime
    • Historicallyspecificconfigurationofpoliciesand institutions that structures the relationships among social interests, the state, and economic sectors
      Four working parts 1. Resource dilemmas stemming from characteristics of
      natural resources 2. Governance institutions 3. Interests/actors 4. Ideas/ideologies
    • 104th Congress Salvage Rider
    • Passed as amendment to Emergency Supplemental Appropriations and Rescissions Act (Written by Mark Rey, now Dept. of Ag., Undersecretary for Natural Resource and Environment)
      ␣ Streamlined “salvage sales” by exempting them from certain procedural requirements, and also prohibiting administrative appeals
      ␣ Released pending old growth sales that were held up because of Spotted Owl and Marbled Murrelet
      ␣ Salvage sales are supposed to be directed towards dead or dying wood, from disease, fire, insects
      ␣ Subsequent battle of Congressional oversight of Forest Service implementation; Forest Service tried to slow salvage sales
      ␣ Environmentalists report severe abuses, e.g., violating habitat requirements for endangered species; sales with too much green wood
      ␣ Expired in 1996; but many think Bush administration’s “Healthy Forests” initiative merely rehashes salvage rider
    • Roadless Area Conservation Rule
    • Clinton
      ␣ 1999, Clinton directs Secretary of Agriculture to protect inventoried roadless areas (DEIS generates 1.15 million comments; 60k original letters; 95% support)
      ␣ (1/2001) Roadless Area Conservation Rule prohibits road building and timber harvesting in R.A. (58.5 million acres); replaces forest-level planning with nat. standards
      Bush - State dictated standards
      Obama - Changed as well
    • Environmental Impact Statement
    • Action forcing mechanism
      Environmental impact
      Unavoidable adverse impacts and mitigation
      Mitigation of unavoidable Alternatives
    • Administrative Procedures Act of 1945
    • Section 706 (2)(A): Courts must set aside agency actions found to be “arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law”

      Authority to rule on agency decisions
    • Chevron vs. NRDC 1976 test
    • The court said:
      1. If court finds an unambiguously expressed Congressional intent; intent rules
      2. If intent is vague, then Court can only determine if agency is using reasonable interpretation
    • Dimensions of Public Lands Groups
    • ␣ Ideology: Deep ecology/Anthropocentric conservation/Multiple-use
      ␣ Issue: Ecologically broad or narrow
      ␣ Constituency: Broad or narrow
      ␣ Funding: Membership (corporate vs. citizen) or foundations
      ␣ Tactics: Inside or outside strategies
      ␣ Scope: National or local
    • Wise-use Groups
    • Multiple-use, narrow issue, narrow constituency, membership (environmentalist say industry), outside strategies, local, more confrontational, litigation
      Wisest use to benefit humans as much as possible.
    • Institutional Drivers of Conflict (Nie)
    • Scarcity, Intermixed ownership, Budgets, Adversarial governance, public land law, and mistrust.
    • Public Discourse Drivers of Conflict (Nie)
    • Surrogating issues, competing frames, place-based values, scientific disagreement, political grandstanding, and media coverage.
    • Acquisition Era (1)
    • Acquired land (Louisiana Purchase)
    • Disposition Era (2)
    • 1800-1891 - Distributed acquired land
    • Collaborative Era (5)
    • Current Era (1992 - Now). Collaborative, collective decision making
    • Progressive Era (3)
    • Natural Resource extraction
    • Environmental Movement (4)
    • 1960s Silent Spring (Rachel Carson)
    • Attitudinal model of judicial decision-making
    • Judges uses own opinions and background to influence decisions
    • Contextual model of judicial decision-making
    • Objectivity in making decisions
    • Agency Capture
    • BLM and Ranchers were examples, when a constituency group so large that they have the ability to apply significant amount of pressure - dictate policy because of this influence and power
    • Ecoterrorism
    • Acts of violence or sabotage committed in support of ecological, environmental, or animal rights causes
    • Northwest Forest Plan
    • The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) is an overall vision for the Pacific Northwest that would produce timber products while protecting and managing impacted species. The plan provided for five major goals:
      Never forget human and economic dimensions of the issues;
      Protect the long-term health of forests, wildlife, and waterways;
      Focus on scientifically sound, ecologically credible, and legally responsible strategies and implementation;
      Produce a predictable and sustainable level of timber sales and nontimber resources; and
      Ensure that federal agencies work together.
    • Federal Land Management Agencies
    • the Forest Service in the Department of Agriculture, and the Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service, all in the Department of the Interior
    • Wise Use Groups
    • a loose-knit coalition of groups promoting the expansion of private property rights and reduction of government regulation of property. This includes use by commercial and public interests, seeking increased access to public lands, and often opposing government intervention. Wise use describes human use of the environment as "stewardship of the land, the water and the air" for the benefit of human beings. The wise use movement arose from opposition to the environmental movement and critics see it as anti-environmentalist.
    • Multiple use
    • managing a forested area to simultaneously provide more than one of the following resource objectives: fish and wildlife, wood products, recreation, aesthetics, grazing, watershed protection, and historic or scientific values
    • Radical environmentalists
    • A grassroots branch of the larger environmental movement that emerged out of an ecocentrism-based (green peace, earth first). Deep ecology, narrow issues, narrow constituency, members, outside strategies, local