Evolution Study Notes- Key terms

ideas:
-all organisms that will ever exist are in existence
-no evolution
relevance:
-earth less than few thousand years old
-species are fixed

ideas:
-fossil study led him to suggest earth might be older than few thousand years old
-some look similar but no exactly alike
relevance:
-common ancestor
-things can go extinct(life could change)
-older earth

ideas:
-explained evolution as a process of adaptation
-life evolves/changes
-species aren't permanent
3 ideas=
by using/not using certain body parts, an organization develops certain characteristics
relevance:
ides of evolution + adaptation

ideas:
-supported theory of uniformations
-earth was very old and had changed during it's existence
-gradual and observable geologic processes could explain the physical features of earth
-living things adapt to their environment but life changes withit
relevance:
geological change

ideas:
-struggle for existence
-much of human suffering was due to human populations potential to grow
-many organisms produce more off spring them can survive

ideas:
-species living in South America today were descended from ancestral species on that continent
-individual islands in the chain had some different species of plants/animals from 1 other mainlands species had changed after they colonized the islands and adapted to their various new environments
-(Malthus) realized that his ideas apply to all species

-concept that all organisms are related to each other by common ancestry

-individuals with adaptive traits survive and reproduce better

-a group of organisms able to reproduce under natural conditions. Members of a species are unable to produce viable, fertile off spring with members of another species
-in order for a new species to form, interbreeding among different populations must be prevented

ideas:
-all organisms that will ever exist are in existence
-no evolution
relevance:
-common thinking pre-Darwin was that species are fixed and the Earth is less than 10 000 years old
-what about Earth's geologic processes? Organisms diversity?

ideas:
-study of fossils led him o suggest that Earth might be older than a few thousands years
-species fossils/certain living animals were similar but that exactly alike
relevance:
-we have a common ancestor
-things can go extinct; life would change
-older Earth

ideas:
-explained evolution as a process of adaptation
-life evolves/changes
-species aren't permanent
3 ideas:
by using/not using certain body parts, an organism develops certain characteristics
relevance:
-idea of evolution + adaptation

ideas:
-supported theory of uniformations
-Earth was very old and had changed during its existence
-gradual and observable geologic processes (e.g erosion) could explain the physical features of Earth
-living things adapt to their environment but life changed with it
relevance:
geological change

ideas:
-struggle for existence ( individual competition, in the normal world)
-much of human suffering (disease, famine, homelessness) was due to human population potential to grow
-many organisms produce more off spring then can survive

ideas:
species living in south America today were descended from ancestral species on that continent
-individual islands in the chain had some different species of plants/animals from 1 other mainland species had changed after they colonized the island and adapted to their various new environments
-(Malthus) realized that his ideas apply to all species; helped propose mechanism or evolutionary change

-concept that all organisms are related to each other by common ancestry

-individuals with adaptive traits survive and reproduce better

-a group of organisms able to reproduce under natural conditions. Members of a species are unable to produce healthy living, fertile off spring with members of another species
-in order for a new species to form interbreeding among different populations must be prevented

-the process by which populations of organisms evolve to become better suited to their environments because of "fitter traits"
-How physical and behavioural features that contribute to survival and reproduction arise over evolutionary time
-organisms are born with adaptations! They do not acquire them during their lifetime.

-"best suited in a particular environment" rather than "most physically fit"

-total reproductive output of an organism with a particular genotype

-favours intermediate phenotype and acts against extreme variation of the phenotype

-favours the phenotype at one extreme over the other

-extremes of a range of phenotypes are favoured over intermediate phenotype

-migrating organisms reproduce with members of a new pop. ( differences b/w pops. reduced)
-usually occurs b/w pops with same species

-change in allele frequency of a pop. that occurs by chance
-(extreme form) loss of certain alleles, making homozygous most common condition

-severe event occurs resulting in drastic reduction in the pop.size
-survivors relative allele frequency is usually diff from original pop.
-similar sample of alleles present, reducing genetic variation

-few individuals from a pop. migrate to establish a new pop.

-organisms produce 2 offsprings, then they produce 2 and so on
-most offsprings compete with others for resources and battle harsh physical environments(only small % survive)

-diff. among members of the same species(genetic variation)
-variation result from mutations(random mistakes in copying DNA)
-mutations can be:
neutral(no effect on survival/reproduction), negative(decrease chances), beneficial(increase chances), and be passed onto offspring

overproduction variation
+ +
struggle 4 existence inheritence
diff. survival/reproduction
=
Evolution of Adaptation

-success in struggle for existence not determined by chance
-some individuals posses traits that make them better suited to a particular environment giving them more chances of survival
-as result they leave more offspring than competitors

-Mimicry occurs when two or more species evolve to resemble and sometimes behave in ways similar to another species
- (e.g) the wing pattern of the viceray butterfly resembles that of the toxic monarch butterfly

-when 2 spaces are completely dependent upon one another for survival, their evolutionary pathways become linked
-this is common b/w flowering plants and their pollinators

-Natural Selection
-Sexual Selection
-Recombination
-Mutation
-Gene Flow
-Genetic Drift

- individuals reproduce with neighbours more often than with distinct members of a pop.
-lead to sexual dimorphism(diff traits in male/female)