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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is oxidation and is CO2 or water oxidized during photosynthesis?
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Oxidation is the releasing of oxygen. Water is oxidized
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What are the products of the thylakoid reactions?
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ATP and NADPH
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Where do the carbon fixation reactions occur?
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Stroma of the chloroplasts
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Is light a particle or a wave?
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both
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Describe a light wave
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2 particles oscillating 90* from each other
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What is a particle of light called and how much energy does it have?
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photon, quantum
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Does infrared radiation have more or less energy than visible light?
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less, longer wavelength
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How does the absorption spectrum of cholorophyll A compare to that of the solar output and, also, the energy that is available at the earth's surface?
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Chlorophyll A fallows the input at the earths surface with the exception of a valley at the green wavelengths of the light spectrum.
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Describe four pathways for the dissipation of energy from an excited chlorophyll.
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Florescence, heat, resonance, photo chemistry
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Describe the structure of a chlorophyll molecule
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magnesium center, porphyrin ring and hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail
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What mechanism of energy dissipation occurs from the movement between the high excited state and the lowest excited state of chlorophyll?
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heat loss
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Write the balanced overall chemical reaction of photosynthesis
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6CO2 + 6H2O + light -----> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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What is the difference between an action and absorption spectra and who made the first action spectra of photosynthesis and how?
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action spectra- physiological response at a particular wavelength
absorption spectra-absorbed by leaf T.W. Engleman |
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Do Antenna pigments directly participate in oxidation-reduction reactions?
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No there is no oxidation or reduction on the antenna
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What is the benefit of having antenna pigments (why are they necessary)?
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more surface area to absorb-receives energy rom more pigments at once
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How many chlorophyll molecules does it take to produce one molecule of oxygen?
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2500
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What is the quantum yield of photosynthesis?
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0-1 total quanta
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What is the quantum yield of photochemistry of chloroplast kept in dim light?
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~0.95
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What is the quantum yield of fluorescence for chloroplasts kept in dim light?
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~0.05 or lower
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What is the most common result of chlorophyll excitation?
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photochemistry, HEAT
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Is it likely that a molecule of glucose would form spontaneously from a molecule of water and CO2 without any external energy?
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NO, very unlikely
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What is the efficiency of conversion from light energy into chemical energy?
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not sure :/
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Resolve the fact that the quantum yield of photosynthesis is 95% and the energy conversion efficiency is only 27%
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Quantum is a measure of the fraction of absorbed photons. ENG effective measures how much energy in the absorbed photons is stored as chemical products. 4% is stored
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After considering all losses of energy (including losses due to respiration), What is the overall energy conversion efficiency of photosynthesis?
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C3 = 4.3%
C4 = 6% |
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What molecule is reduced as a part of the thylakoid reactions?
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iron salts
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What two experiments by Emerson revealed that there are two photosystems for photosynthesis?
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The two experiments were the one that led to the discovery of the red drop effect and the one that led to the discovery of the enhancement effect.
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Which photosystem reduces NADP+?
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Photosystem 1
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Which photosystem oxidizes water?
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Photosystem 2
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How many lipid layers surround the thylakoid membranes (not those that create them)?
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2 lipid bilayers
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What is the interior space of the thylakoid membrane known as?
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lumen
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How are the two photosystems spatially separated in the thylakoid membrane?
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-PS II in the grana Lamellae
-PS I in the stroma lamellae |
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Describe the orientation of ATP synthase in relation to photosystem I.
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ATP synthase is projecting outwards from the thylacoid lumen into the stroma
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What are the electron carriers between photosystem II and I?
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Copper protein plastocyanin (PC)
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Which are there more of in chloroplasts, photosystem I or II?
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Photosystem I
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Which have higher excitation states, antenna complex pigments or reaction center pigments and describe the significance of this?
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Antenne complex pigments have a higher excitation state. the excited-state energy of pigments increases with distance from the reaction center
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How many chlorophyll A and B molecules and carotenoids does one light harvesting complex II (LHC II) protein bind
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15 chlorophyll A and B
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What is the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II?
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Pheophytin p680
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How is the proton gradient established in the lumen of the chloroplast during photosynthesis?
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Water is oxidized and protons are released in the lumen by PS II
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How does a reaction center chlorophyll oxidize water?
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Photosystem II oxidizes water to O2 in the thylakoid lumen and in the process releases protons into the lumen. "it has a really strong pull" knight
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What molecule is oxidized by the photosystem I reaction center chlorophyll?
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plastocyanin
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4 electrons
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2 H2O ----> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
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What enzyme catalyzes the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH
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FNR
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How does the enzyme DCMU work?
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DCMU blocks electron flow at the quinone acceptors of photosystem II
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How does the enzyme paraquat work?
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Paraquat accepts electrons in photosystem I
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How is ATP made in the chloroplast?
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ATPase is synthesized by photophosphorylation in the chloroplast
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Describe the experiment that Andre Jagendorf and co-workers did to support the chemiosmotic mechanism af ATP (?)
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?
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What enzyme catalyses ATP synthesis?
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ATPase
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What portion of the ATP synthase rotates like a molecular motor?
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CFo
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What molecules can accumulate under excess light?
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'toxic species' such as superoxide, singlet oxygen, and peroxide
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What is it called when the excitation energy is rapidly dissipated by transfer to another molecule during photochemistry?
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quenched
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How do carotenoids protect the photosystems and where are they found?
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they protect the photosystems by converting violaxanthin into zeaxanthin in high light
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Where are most chloroplast proteins made?
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Outside the chloroplast in the cytoplasm
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