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...? Causes the majority of neonatal deaths that's unrelated to congenital abnormalities and accounts for over half of nursery costs...?
Preterm delivery
Treatment of which of the following infections IS NOT associated with preterm delivery...?
1. asymptomatic group B streptococci bacteriuria
2. Neisseria gonorrhea cervicitis
3. bacterial vaginosis in high-risk patients
4. Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis ( this treatment is NOT associated with decreased risk of preterm delivery)
True or false: bacterial vaginosis is associated with preterm delivery in high-risk patients...?
TRUE: bacterial vaginosis is associated with preterm delivery in high-risk patients.
Bacterial vaginosis: name 2 factors that identify patients at high risk...?
bacterial vaginosis: 2 high risk factors
1. History of preterm delivery
2. When weighing under 50 kg [110 pounds] before pregnancy
True or false: although Trichomonas vaginalis infection is associated with preterm labor and delivery, treatment does not reduce the risk?
TRUE: TreatingTtrichomonas vaginalis infection is not associated with the change in the risk for preterm labor or delivery
What is the leading cause of early onset neonatal sepsis in developed countries...?
Group B streptococcal disease
Get treatment for group B Streptococcus if patients are...? ( named four risk factors)
1. Preterm labor [less than 37 weeks]
2. Fever more than 38°C
3. More than 18 hours since rupture of membranes
4. Rupture of membranes more than 6 hours before the onset of labor
Parvovirus B 19 is a single-stranded DNA virus is responsible for the disease called...?
Erythema infectiosum
Erythema infectiosum is caused by...?
Parvovirus B 19
How is parvovirus the 19 virus spread?
Respiratory secretions and hand to mouth contact
Was the natural history of parvovirus B 19 infection ( viremia occurs... to ... days after infection and symptoms of... or ... May occur around day...?)
Polaris B 19 infection leads to viremia from 4 to 14 days with symptoms of arthralgia and rash occurring on day 15 or afterwards
True or false: infection with parvovirus B 19 confers lifelong immunity...?
TRUE: Infection with parvovirus B 19 confers lifelong immunity
Which paediatric condition as parvovirus the 19 been associated with...?
Hydrops fetalis
What is the mechanism for parvovirus the 19 leading to hydrops fetalis...?
Fetal anemia, shorter half-life of fetal red blood cells, leading to severe anemia, hypoxemia, and high output cardiac failure.

Other possible causes fetal viral myocarditis meeting to cardiac failure, impaired hepatic function caused by direct damage of hepatocytes and indirect damage due to hemosiderin deposits
Acute otitis media: what is the number needed to treat using antibiotics for one child to benefit from resolution of symptoms during the next week...?
18
number of children needed to be treated by antibiotics in cases of acute otitis media for resolution of symptoms within one week
Acute otitis media: May lead to...? if not treated?
mastoiditis
Acute otitis media: 4 symptoms or signs on initial presentation predicting worse outcomes within 3 days?
acute otitis media: 4 symptoms or signs on initial presentation predicting worse outcome within 3 days:
1. Fever over 37.5°C
2. Cough
3. Vomiting
4. Ear discharge
True or false: lateralizing tinnitus is a common sign of a tumour...?
FALSE: Lateralizing tinnitus is common and is rarely a sign of the tumor
Approach to tinnitus?
Subjective versus objective tinnitus
4 Broad categories for subjective tinnitus [5]
Neurologic
Otolgic
Infectious
Drug-related
Other
Subjective tinnitus: neurologic causes?
neurologic causes subjective tinnitus
1. head injury/whiplash
2. vestibular Schwannoma/multiple sclerosis
3. other cerebellar pontine angle tumors
Infectious causes subjective tinnitus?
Otitis media
sequelae of Lyme disease
meningitis
syphilis
other infectious inflammatory processes that can affect hearing
Drug-related causes of subjective tinnitus?
NSAIDS/salicylates
Aminoglycosides
Loop diuretics
Chemotherapy agents [platins and vincristine]
Otolgic Causes of subjective tinnitus?
Noise induced hearing loss
Presbycusis
Otosclerosis
Tinnitus
Impacted cerumen
Sudden deafness
Ménière's disease
Other causes of hearing loss
objective tinnitus: pulsatile causes?
Carotid stenosis
Arteriovenous malformations
Vascular tumors
Valvular heart disease
Other conditions causing turbulent blood flow
3 categories of objective tinnitus?
Pulsatile
muscular or anatomical
spontaneous
Spontaneous causes of objective tinnitus?
Spontaneous auto acoustic emissions
Objective tinnitus: a muscular or anatomical causes [3]...?
Palatal myoclonus
Spasm of the stapedius or tensor tympani muscle
Patulous eustachian tube
Which drug has been effective in controlling tinnitus?
Nortriptyline
What was the dose of nortriptyline given to patients with tinnitus who found it helpful?
50 to 150 mg per day
Which comorbid condition did those patients with tinnitus were found nortriptyline an effective treatment have?
Depression
Which tinnitus treatment takes 1.5 years and is controversial?
Tinnitus retraining therapy
what is the triad of Primary open angle glaucoma?
1. Increased intraocular pressure
2. Degeneration of the optic nerve head [observed is increased cupping]
3. Restricted visual field [usually starting on the periphery]
Primary open angle glaucoma: visual field symptoms are usually noticed as progressing from what to what?
Restricted visual field from the periphery moving central
Primary open angle glaucoma: how is degeneration of the optic nerve head assessed for objectively?
Increase in cup to disk ratio
Glaucoma: how are symptoms different in open angle versus narrow angle glaucoma?
Glaucoma:
OPEN angle: slowly progressive
NARROW angle: rapid vision loss and acutely painful eye and vomiting
Drugs used to treat glaucoma?
Topical CAI [carbonic anhydrase inhibitors]
Beta blockers
Alpha blockers
Glaucoma: example of topical carbonic anhydrous inhibitors
-ZOLAMIDE
Dorzolamide
Brinzolamide
Systemic side effects of using Timolol for treatment of glaucoma?
Bradycardia
bronchospasm
lethargy
Glaucoma: Timolol, drug category?
Nonselective beta adrenoceptor antagonist
Glaucoma: example alpha blocker?
Brimonidine (similar to clonidine but not same risk of severe hypotension)
Why clonidine bad glaucoma treatment?
Risk of severe hypotension
Prevalence of major depressive disorder in patients with acute coronary syndromes...?
almost 1/4

(15 to 23%)