Final 5

The Greek philosopher Plato claimed that every organism was an example of a perfect essence or type created by God and that these types were unchanging.
This kind of _________ __________ is based on the idea that species are unchanging types and that variations within species are unimportant

Scientific theories usually consist of a natural pattern and a __________ the explains that pattern

In 1858, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace made the claim that _______ has occurred, that species have changed over time

Then they proposed ________ ________ as a process to explain the pattern of evolution

Aristotle ordered the types of organisms into a linear scheme called the _______ _______ _ _______

In this chain, species were organized into a _______ sequence based on increasing size and complexity, with humans at the top

In 1809 Jean-Baptise de Lamarck proposed that simple organisms originate by spontaneous generation and then evolve by moving up the 'chain of being' over time.
Lamarck suggested that the process responsible for the pattern was the __________ ____ _________ _________
- Individuals change in response to the environment and then pass on those changes to their offspring

Darwin and Wallace proposed that change in species through time does not follow a linear, progressive pattern, but instead is based on ________ among individuals in a population

A __________ consists of individuals of the same species that are living in the same area at the same time

This view utilizes _________ ________ rather than typological thinking

Darwin described evolution as ________ ___ _________, meaning that change over time produced modern, modified species from ancestral species

The pattern component of the theory of evolution by natural selection makes two claims about the nature of species

________ are traces of organisms that lived in the past. These traces can include bones, branches, shells, dung, tracks, etc.

The many fossils that have been found and described in the scientific literature make up the _______ _________

Most fossils are found in _________ ________, which form from layers of sand, mud, or other minerals, with younger layers deposited on top of older layers

Layers of sedimentary rock are associated with different intervals in the ________ _____ ________ - a relative time scale based upon fossil content of young to old

Fossils provide evidence for ________ species, those that are no longer living

Early scientists suggested that extinct fossil species are typically succeeded, in the same region by similar species.
- This pattern became known as the _____ ___ _________

As the fossil record improved, many fossils have been discovered that exhibit ________ __________, traits that are intermediate between earlier and later species

A ____________ _________ is a reduced or incompletely developed structure in an organism that has no function, but is clearly similar to functioning organs or structures in closely related species

________ _____ ___________ - not static,unchanging, and fixed types, as claimed by Plato, Aristotle and the theory of special creation

Darwin proposed that the mockingbirds were similar because they had descended from a common ancestor.
Mockingbirds species are part of a __________, a family tree of populations or species

The relationship between different species can be shown on a _________ ______

__________ is a similarity that exists in species descended from a common ancestor

Homologies can be recognized and studied at 3 interacting levels

_________ __________ is a similarity in the DNA sequences of different species that are due to inheritance from a common ancestor

___________ ___________ is a similarity in embryonic form that is seen in embryos of different species and is due to common inheritance from a common ancestor

__________ ________ is a similarity in adult morphology. Also described as similarities in organisms' structures that are due to inheritance from a common ancestor

The three levels of homology interact: _______ homologies cause the __________ homologies observed in embryos, which ten lead to the _________ homologies recognized in adults

The most fundamental homology is the _______ ______

Biologists have documented dozens of contemporary populations that are undergoing _________ - a process that results in one species splitting into two or more descendant species