Fish Final

gravel beds in rivers
-eggs incubate under protective gravel

True

False - generally spawn where they were born

the rivers or creeks in which they spawn

because in the wild it ensures that egg hatch is timed with the hatch of invertebrate feed sources

over 65%

fats and oils - omega 3 fatty acids

trout and salmon - for this reason these fish are equated with cold unpolluted water and are therefore a premium fish to eat

1. Genus Oncorhynchus
2. Genus Salmo
3. Genus Salvelinus
*Exam*

Oncorhynchus consists of:
O.mykiss = Rainbow trout
O.tshawytscha = chinook salmon
O. kisutch = coho salmon
O. nerka - sockeye salmon
*EXAM*

S. Salar = Atlantic Salmon

S. alpinus = artic charr
S. fontinalis = brook charr = brook trout = speckled trout
S.namaycush = lake charr = lake trout

sockeye, coho, chinook, pink, and keta salmon - for release into streams
- to support the ocean trawl fishery, and recreational fishing of these species when they being returning to spawning streams

Atlantic Aslmon and brook trout for release

Rainbow trout, brook charr, lake charr and splake
(splake = speckled trout x lake trout hybrid)

-treat broodstock after they are captured from wild
-diagnose and manage diseases affecting early stages
-investigate fish-kills

large ponds and small lakes stocked with juvenile salmonids, fish are fed and grow
-people pay to fish out of these ponds

disease management

parasitic diseases with muli-host life cycles:
-eye-flukes (from digenetic tremetodes)
-anchor worm crustacean parasites
-

Only countries with protected marine coastlines produce atlantic salmon. Whereas many countries can produce rainbow trout

Atlantic Salmon - production exceeds 100000 metric tonnes.

chinook and coho salmon

arctic charr because there is good potential for returns on investment since their production is less than demand

Rainbow trout

1-Chile
2- Norway
3- Scotland
4/5-Canada and Ireland

Norway- therefore many of the farms are multinational, large, and vertically integrated organizations

US
Japan
Europe
US and Europe favor Atlantic Salmon

1-vertical integration
2-multinationalism
3-monoculture
4-focus on cost of production (COP)
5-focus on disease prevention/biosecurity
6-use of recirculation where possible (hatcheries)
7-corporate vets/codes of practic and hygiene during production and processing
8-biotechnology: monosex pops/triploid etc
9- value added processing
10-understanding environmental effects of farming practices

egg-> market under 12 months
market size = 450g
steelhead strain grown in brackish H2O and marketed at 2-5kg under the name of salmon-trout or sea trout
-small farms still thriving (where land cost is low and there is abundant groudwater)
feed conversion ratio less than 1 (excellent)
eggs/juvies are avail year round
land based production with control over effluent

-oversupply has driven down price
-less tasty than salmon/lower omega 3
-white-fleshed (doesn't market well) (although can now add xanthines to feed to imart a red color to the fish - EXPENSIVE!)
-still req fish=meal based diet like other salmonids

-found naturally in local water - abundant broodstock/juveniles from salmon enhancement programs
-strains used can be moved from fresh to saltwater at a very early stage
-strong market in japan and locally
-large market wt (2-5kg)
-very flavorful, suitable for smoking, etc

-(compared to atlantic salmon)more prone to disease, poor feed conversion,lower dressed wt %, can't tolerate high stocking densities, grow more slowly
-high mort rates post seawater transfer
-early sexual maturation
-swings in market dictated by wild-catch stocks
-Norwegian owners had little understanding of chinook...? so what!?!?
-technologies that worked for atlantic salmon needed retrofitting to work on chinook...and less production related research

Must be because there has been huge grown of atlantic salmon farming when compared to other fish species

-raising process refined by norwegians
-lots of research/refinement in broodstock care, early-rearing, dietary formulations, sea-cage tech, feed delivery, vaccine production, drug licensing, farmer/vet education, bank support
-Norwegians led us to Atlantic salmon monoculture
--Atlantic salmon are considered the highest quality salmon being produced
-tasty, rich in omega 3, have best carcass compostion, have better feed conversion than some, and tolerate high stocking densities
-respond well to tx for diseases

False - there is virtually no wild harvest of atlantic salmon

-need specific coastal environment (sheltered, won't freeze over, won't exceed 20degrees, not likely to have algal blooms, and few predators)
-prolonged production cycle
-prone to some diseases others aren't - Infectious salmon anemia on the East coast and Infectious Hematopoetic necrosis on the west coast.
-also prone to bacterial kidney disease, soft flesh diseas (parasite) and salmon lice
-current global overproduction = dec price at market, fishmeal price increasing, environmental concerns are raging,

Rainbow trout

eggs and milt

Yes they can be used for several years or sold to fish out ponds

12 months

land-based facilities using fresh water

by manipulating feeding rates and temperature

Chinook Salmon

Broodstock are 5 or older.
They are killed in the fall...(so no)

smolts

moved to sea cages

24 months, and 3-5kg or more

They become sexually mature
-by having a monosex femal population

100g

USUALLY a full year in the hatchery, but can take 2 years

12-18 months- 3-5 kg

S1 smolt

S2 smolt

-by manipulating the temperature and lighting we can create a smolt that's ready to go to the ocean in the fall

the leaping fish that leaps

female broodfish

-part of male anatomy HA
-male broodfish

how close hen is to releasing eggs

eggs collected from hen prior to addition of sperm or water

they can be kept and transported in this state

addition of a bit of water to the eggs after they are fertilized which causes the micropyle to close and the eggs become turgid and more difficult to damage

-Dr. Suess story of a spoiled brat that won't eat his dinner
-eggs before the eye spots appear

when the eye spots appear, once they are "eyed" they are hardier and more easily transported

agitating the eggs during early development. The non-fertilized eggs will turn cloudy/white and can then be picked out

a sac - a- fried potatoes
- after hatching the fry has an egg sac that it drags around

the stage after the fry have hatched and absored enough of their yolk sac that they start looking for food

first feeding fry or swim-up fry

-when you do not lose or gain points in golf
-small fish - fingerlings, which have vertical banding known as parr-markings

small salmon

smolt after they have been put in sea water

S0

The fish was ready to go to the ocean in the fall of the same year it hatched

S0+

in comparison to parr, smolt have lost their vertical banding and are silver and have black tips on their fins

a salmon which has matured early and at a small size (1-2 kg) and has started to think about spawning (usually only used for males)

grading of a pen which occurs after the fish have been at sea for 1 year, and taking out the fish which appear to be grilsing

a netpen set up in areas where freshwater enters the ocean, creating a layer (lens) of freshwater. This makes the transition to saltwater easier on the fish

smolt which didn't take well to sea-water (reverts), they lose weight and their head looks too big for their body - pinheads

fish that are pretty big but not quite big enough for market

refers to a fish in the processing plant which is still intact (head on- viscera still in)

dead fish, put in a mort pile or mort bin

this means that all the fish at one site went to sea at the same age/time

The fish which are undersized, have lost an eye, have ulcers or bad fins will be downgraded at market, ie not sold at premium price - they will be filleted or "steaked" (not sold whole)

the ratio of biomass to available space in the tank or netpen (kg/m3)

The fish which are undersized, have lost an eye, have ulcers or bad fins will be downgraded at market, ie not sold at premium price - they will be filleted or "steaked" (not sold whole)

the ratio of biomass to available space in the tank or netpen (kg/m3)

the increase in biomass relative to the amout of food which has been used over any give time

since fish grow at an exponential rate a formula has been developed to express growth over time = SGR (specific growth rate) = ln (wt at end of interval) - ln (wt at start of interval) all divided by length of interval (days) and multiplied by 100%

the increase in biomass relative to the amout of food which has been used over any give time

the % of fish which die each month (or any other defined period)

since fish grow at an exponential rate a formula has been developed to express growth over time = SGR (specific growth rate) = ln (wt at end of interval) - ln (wt at start of interval) all divided by length of interval (days) and multiplied by 100%

aka S1/S2 ratio - the number of S1's that will end up becoming S2's (due to not being large enough/smoltified in time)

the % of fish which die each month (or any other defined period)

the amount of food relative to biomass (2% of biomass for example)

aka S1/S2 ratio - the number of S1's that will end up becoming S2's (due to not being large enough/smoltified in time)

degree days are used to figure out when eggs should hatch and when fish should come onto feed, and also for w/drawal periods for abx or other administered drugs.

the amount of food relative to biomass (2% of biomass for example)

degree days are used to figure out when eggs should hatch and when fish should come onto feed, and also for w/drawal periods for abx or other administered drugs.