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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intracellular
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fluid found inside cells
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Extracellular
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fluid found outside cells
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Intravascular
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fluid in blood plasma
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Interstitial
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fluid between cells & outside blood vessels
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Electrolytes
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solutes that separate into electrically charged particles called ions when dissolved in a solvent
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Anion
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negatively charged ion
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Cation
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positively charged ion
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Diffusion
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process in which particles in a fluid move from higher to lower concentration
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Osmosis
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movement of a pure solvent thru a differentially permeable membrane from a solution with lower to higher solute concentration
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active transport
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movement across membrane from a less to more concentrated solution which expends metabolic energy
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Filtration
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process by which water & diffusable substances move together in response to fluid pressure from a higher to lower pressure
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Fluid Regulation
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body fluids are regulated by intake, hormonal control, & fluid output
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Intake Regulation
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intake regulated primarily by the thirst mechanism
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Skin Fluid Loss
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regulated by sympathetic nervous system
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Lung Fluid Loss
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regulated by rate & depth of respirations
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GI Fluid Loss
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loss thru feces & disease
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Kidneys
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major regulatory organs of acid-base balance
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Acid-Base Balnace
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metabolic processes maintain a steady balance between acids & bases for optimal cell functioning
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Buffer
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a substance or group of substances that can prevent excessive pH changes by removing or releasing hydrogen ions
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Respiratory Control
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adapt rapidly to imbalance by changing rate & depth of respirations to release or retain CO2
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Renal Control
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kidneys regulate balance by excreting or conserving bicarbonate or hydrogen ions
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Sodium
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body uses to maintain proper extracellular fluid concentration
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Sodium Values
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135 - 145 mEq/L
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Sodium Sources
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bacon, ham, & processed foods
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Sodium Control
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thirst mechanism, ADH, & kidneys
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Hyponatremia
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deficiency (< 120 mEq/L) of Na in relation to body water
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Hyponatremia Causes
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Na loss (burns, diuretic, perspiration), fluid increase, & pituitary disfunction
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Hyponatremia S/S
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LOC changes, lethargic, skin & mucous dry, tachycardia, hypotension, & N/V
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Hyponatremia Treatment
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Identify cause & correct, regulate Na intake, & administer IV (0.3% NS)
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Hyponatremia Interventions
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monitor LOC, labs, & I&O
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Hypernatremia
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excessive (> 155 mEq/L) Na levels
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Hypernatremia Causes
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Na gain, water loss, & inadequate water intake
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Hypernatremia S/S
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LOC changes, confusion, increased muscle tone, skin dry & flushed, thirsty, N/V, & edematous
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Hypernatremia Treatment
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Dietary control & diuretics
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Hypernatremia Interventions
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monitor LOC, labs, I&O, & frequent oral care
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Potassium Functions
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cardiac, nerve, & muscle function
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Potassium Values
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3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
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Potassium Sources
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bananas & orange juice
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Hypokalemia
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deficiency (<2.5 mEq/L)
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Hypokalemia Causes
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insufficient intake, or loss
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Hypokalemia S/S
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muscle cramps, irregular HR, & hyporeflexia
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Hypokalemia Treatment
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identify cause & correct, dilute oral K
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Hypokalemia Interventions
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monitor VS, labs, & dietary intake
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Hyperkalemia
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> 7 mEq/L
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Hyperkalemia Causes
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increased intake, decresed urinary excetion, & renal failure
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Hyperkalemia S/S
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muscle weakness & tingling, bradycardia,
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Hyperkalemia Treatment
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identify & correct, limit intake, & Kayexalate
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Hyperkalemia Interventions
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monitor VS, I&O, restrict intake
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Calcium Functions
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formation & structure of bones & teeth, cell membrane permeability, & blood clotting
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Calcium Control
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negative feedback, dietary intake, & body storage
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Calcium Values
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8.4 - 10.2 mg/dL
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Calcium Sources
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milk, dairy products, dark leafy veggies
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Hypocalcemia
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< 6 mg/dL
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Hypocalcemia Causes
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insufficient intake, improper absorption, excessive losses
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Hypocalcemia S/S
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muscle spasms, tetani, Chevostek's sign, Trousseau's sign, increased risk of bleeding & bruising
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Hypocalcemia Treatment
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Ca & Vit D supplements
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Hypocalcemia Interventions
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monitor cardiac functions
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Hypercalcemia
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> 13 mg/dL
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Hypercalcemia Causes
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excessive intake, thyroid & parathyroid conditions, & cancer
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Hypercalcemia S/S
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decreased DRTs, heart block, disarrythmias, N/V, & flank pain,
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Hypercalcemia Treatment
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loop diuretic,
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Hypercalcemia Interventions
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monitor Ca levels, VS, & cardiac finctions
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Magnesium Functions
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neuromuscular conduction, cardiac function, & blood clotting
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Magnesium Control
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Mg & K tend to be higher/lower @ same time. High Ca may reduce absorption of Mg which lowers Mg level
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Magnesium Values
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1.2 - 2.6 mg/dL
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Magnesium Sources
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green leafy veggies, oatmeal, chicken, tuna, & raisins
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Hypomagnesemia
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< 1 mg/dL
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Hypomagnesemia Causes
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Mg loss, inadequate intake, steroid use
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Hypomagnesemia S/S
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disorientation, confusion, Chvostek's & Trousseau's signs, tachycardia, & sudden cardiac death
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Hypomagnesemia Treatment
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Mg w/ antacids containing Mg, IV Mg w/ a dilute
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Hypomagnesemia Interventions
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monitor cardiogram, muscle spasms, reflexes, & Ca tests
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Hypermagnesemia
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> 5.0 mg/dL
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Hypermagnesemia Causes
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increased intake
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Hypermagnesemia S/S
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decreases DRTs, lethargic & c/o parathesia, irregular HB (bradycardia), & disarrythmias
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Hypermagnesemia Treatment
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Mg, IV Ca gluconate is Mg antagonist. Stop all meds w/ Mg
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Hypermagnesemia Interventions
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monitor LOC, cardiograph, & neuro functions
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Phosphorous Functions
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interdependent w/ Ca, required for muscle function, primary buffer to maintain urinary pH
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Phosphorous Control
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parathyroid hormone
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Phosphorous Values
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2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL
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Phosphorous Sources
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milk, cheese, egg yolks, meat, & fish
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Hypophosphatemia
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< 1.0 mg/dL
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Hypophosphatemia Causes
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decreased P, Al antacid overuse, & hyperthyroidism
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Hypophosphatemia S/S
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LOC, seizure activity, decreased reflexes & parathesia, generalized fatigue & muscle weakness, & high risk of bleeding
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Hypophosphatemia Treatment
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increased dietary intake & IV w/ K & P
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Hypophosphatemia Interventions
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monitor LOC, bleeding, & respirations
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Hyperphosphatemia
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> 4.5 mg/dL
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Hyperphosphatemia Causes
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renal failure & high use of P laxatives/enemas
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Hyperphosphatemia S/S
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muscle spasms, tetani, & tachycardia
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Hyperphosphatemia Treatment
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limit intake
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Hyperphosphatemia Interventions
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monitor respiratory, cardiac, labs, muscles, & stool colors
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Chloride Values
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98-106 mEq/L
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Chloride Sources
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diet high in salt
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Hypochloremia Causes
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r/t GI loss, diuretics, & aggressive diaphoresis
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Hypochloremia S/S
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neuromuscular twitching
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Hypochloremia Interventions
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monitor respirations
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Hyperchloremia Causes
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r/t dehydration
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Hyperchloremia S/S
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LOC & lethargy
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Assessment Lifestyle
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dietary habits, stress, job, activity level, & work indoor or outdoor
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Assessment Weight
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sudden changes & intentional or unintentional
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Assessment I&O
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any changes in fluid intake more/less
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Assessment Preexisting diseases
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kidney problems
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I&O
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NOT A MEASUREMENT OF BODY FLUID VOLUME!!! WEIGHT IS BEST WAY TO CHECK
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