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Protozoa are a major cause of infectious diarrhoea.

Name three protozoa
Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium spp.
Entamoeba spp.
How are protozoa spread?
Via contaminated water or food
A flagellate protozoan, attaches to the gut wall via a ventral disc. Heavy infections may act as a physical barrier to nutrient uptake.

Actively deconjugates bile salts - resulting in lipid malabsorption and steathorrea

What protozoan is this?
Gardia
Amoeboid protozoan, located in large intestone/colon.

Invades the mucosa and produces ulceration.

Must be excluded in the investigation of ULCERATIVE COLITIS and CHRON'S DISEASE

10% of infections *disseminate* (spread) and may result in formation of liver abscess.

Adherence dependent killing of host cells
Entamoeba
What can disseminate mean wrt a pathogen?
Spreading of the pathogen
Apicomplexan protozoan

INvades and multiplies in the mucosa

Produces a profuse water diarrhoea

No successful antiprotozoal

Only treatment is fluid support

Very young and old particularly at risk in outbreaks
Cryptosporidium
What is the posh name for roundworms?
Nematodes (remember, this is a *helminth*)
What is the posh name for tapeworms?
Cestodes (remember, this is a *helminth*)
Disease of this pathogen is associated with physical damage, blockage and nutrient competition and may modify the contents of the host lumen to meet their nutritional requirements (as with Giardia)
Helminths
What are the three ways helminths can be transmitted?
Consumption of resistant eggs

Contaminated food and water

Invasion of the skin (as with malaria)
A tapeworm, transmission is by consumption of eggs or larvae in insects. May set up auto-infective route
Hymenolepis
A tapeworm. Adult worms acquired by the consumption of contaminated meat (pork or beef). Eggs can hatch in humans leading to cyst formation
Taenia
Roundworm. Migrates through liver and lungs resulting in tissue damage and common allergic symptoms. Thick-shelled eggs are passed in the faeces and contaminate food and water supplies.
Ascaris
Roundworm - the pinworm. Worms emerge from the anus to lay eggs at night, eggs cause locul irritation 'pruritus ani'. Direct re-infection is common. Transmission following direct contact with contaminated fingers (nice!)
Enterobius


1955100311
There are two major species of these roundworms - Ancylostoma and Necator. These have thin-shelled eggs that release larvae into the environment. Infective larvae invade bia the skin or mucous membranes on ingestion. IN the gut, blood feeding leads to anaemia and substantial protein loss.
Hookworms
What are the two major species of hookworms?
Ancylostoma and Necator
Ancylostoma and Necator are the two major species of...
hookworm