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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the major source of glucose in the well fed state?
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Carbohydrates
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What is the time span after a meal for the well fed state?
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0-4 hours after meal
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During the well fed state, what happens to excess glucose and pyruvate?
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Glucose is converted to glycogen and pyruvate to fatty acids in triglycerides in adipose
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What do RBC's convert glucose to in the well fed state?
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Lactic acid and ATP
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What is the timeline for the fasting/postabsorbative state?
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First 18-24 hours after complete food digestion
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What are the two main pathways during the fasting state, which is the major pathway and why?
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The two main pathways are glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The major pathway is glycogenolysis because gluconeogenesis takes a long time to be activated
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What happens to the lactate produced by RBCs in the fasting state?
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Lactate is recycled to make glucose
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What happens to fatty acids in the fasting state?
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Fatty acids start to be oxidized to spare free glucose in the blood
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When does early starvation state occur?
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The first 5 days without food. Begins 24 hours after the last meal.
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What is the major metabolic process used by the body in early starvation?
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Gluconeogenesis from lactate, alanine and other amino acids from the degradation of muscle tissue
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What fuel source do most tissues in the body switch to during early starvation?
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Most tissues switch to fatty acids for gluconeogenesis from AA's except for the brain.
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Why can't the brain process fatty acids?
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Because fatty acids cannot pass the blood-brain barrier and because conversion to glucose would take up too much oxygen
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When does prolonged starvation occur?
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A week or longer without food
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What is the main pathway in prolonged starvation and what is produced?
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Lipolysis is the main pathway where fatty acids are broken down to produce ketone bodies which replace glucose. Also releases glycerol which can be used for gluconeogenesis in the brain for glucose
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How does ketosis prevent muscle breakdown?
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-Since ketone bodies replace glucose as the energy source in all tissues except for the brain, AA's don't have to be broken down as much meaning muscles don't have to be degraded.
-It also reduces both glucose use and production preserving any remaining blood glucose |
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If you need brief spurts of power what two molecules are used?
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ATP and creatine phosphate
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What happens in the glucose-alanine cycle?
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-Protein used by the liver to produce glucose
-Muscles release AA and liver disposes of N as urea and converts the carbon to glucose |
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What happens in the Cori Cycle?
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Muscle uses glucose from the liver and produces lactate which is converted to glucose by the liver
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What does insulin do and where is it produced?
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-Its main function is to induce glucose uptake thereby reducing blood glucose.
-It is produced by beta pancreatic cells |
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What does glucagon do and where is it produced?
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-Its main function is to convert glycogen to glucose thereby increasing blood glucose
-produced by alpha pancreatic cells |
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Describe the etiology of Lactose Intolerance/Hypolactasia
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-Result of a deficiency in lactase which normally cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose which the liver eventually converts into glucose
-Rather than being broken up, the lactose is sent straight to the intestines where microbes convert it to lactici acid producing methane and hydrogen gas -Gas leads to flatulence and lactic acid leads to osmosis of H2O and diarrhea |
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What are the 3 tests used to diagnose lactose intolerance/hypolactasia?
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1) Lactose intolerance test
2) Hydrogen breath test 3) Stool acidity test |
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Describe the lactose intolerance test
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Measures blood glucose levels after drinking lactose. No change means lactase is defective.
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Describe the hydrogen breath test
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Normally very little H is detectable in the breath but after drinking lactose a LIT patient will have high H levels in their breath
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Describe the stool acidity test
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Looks for lactic acid in stool since lactic acid is produced by bacteria
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What are the 3 treatments for lactose intolerance/hypolactasia?
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1) Avoid lactose
2) Provide lactase supplements 3) Diet consisting of lactose reduced milk and dairy products |
