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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what 3 kinds of reactions does B12 catalyzze
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intra molecular rearrangements, reductions of ribonucleotides, methyl group transfers
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The hydroxylations of proline and lysine (in collagen) is dependent on what vitamin
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Vitamin C
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what vitamin is tethered to lysine
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biotin
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what vitamin is responsible for conversion pyruvate to oxaloacetate
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biotin
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When you see a carboxylation that requires ATP- what vitamin responsible
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biotin
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___ acid is like biotin but carries acyl groups.
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Lipoic acid
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What vitamin is a 1-C donor and its active form is THF
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folic acid
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what helps mobilize and tranport vitamin A
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Retinol-binding proetins
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what vitamin is necessary for proper Ca metabolism
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vitamin D
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what law of thermodynamics states that total energy of universe is constant
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1st
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what law of thermodynamics states that entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches 0K
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3rd law
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what is the formula for Gibbs free energy
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deltaG= D(H)- T(S)
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what type of curve do allosteric enzymes follow
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sigmoid
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what does hexokinase (glucokinase) do?
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Opens up grlucose chain so that glucose cannot escape from cell.
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where is glucokinase found
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liver
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what does glucose -6 -Palloste allosterically inhibits
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hexokinase
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where are the two priming reactions of glycolysis
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1. conversion glucose to glucose-6-P by hexokinase
2. Conversion of fruct-6-P to fruct-1,6, Bisphosphate by PFK |
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what enzyme converts 6C sugar to 3C
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aldose
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What do glcerophosphate and malate- aspartate do
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They shuttle electrons across mitochondrial membrane when NADH dosn't cross
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where does 90% glucogenesis occur in
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liver/ kidneys
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What does pyruvate carboxylase do
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take you from pyruvate to oxalloacetate in gluconeogensis
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what is avidin do
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binds tightly to biotin.
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T or F oxaloacetate has to be converted to ___ to cross mitochondrial membrane in gluconeogensis
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malate
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How is extra NAD+ produced in the muscle during anerobic exercise
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By LDH (lactate dehrogenase) taking H prom NADH and putting it on pyruvate -> lactate. Therefore NADH -> NAD+
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what effect would increasing blood levels of fructose 2,6 bisphosphate have?
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increase blood levels of glucose
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what does glucagon do?
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It increases the production of glucose by increasing phosphorylation on fructose- 2,6 bisphosphatase (inactivates it). Therefore levels of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate decrease and production glucose increases,
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what cannot be used as substrate to make glucose
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Acetyl- CoA, fatty acids, Lysine/ Leu (all other AA's can)
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what do you get when you try and break down fats to make glucose
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Acetly- CoA - which can be used to make ATP but not sugar
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In what tissue does pentose phosphate pathway take place
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liver and adipose cells
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where is pentose phosphate pathway regulated
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at first step- conversion of G6P to 6Pgluconate. regulated by [NADP+]
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What disease is assoc with low levels of Niacin and consequently NADPH
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Pellegra
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For reductive reactions would you want the concentration of NADH or NADPH to be higher
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NADPH
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what does a epimerase do
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change configuration about particular C
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what can ribose- 5 phosphate be used to produce
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nucleic acids
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what is an endiolate intermediate found
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When you do epierase and isomerase in pentose phosphate Shunt (PPS)
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what vitamin is essential coffator for transketolase rxn
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thiamine (B1)
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What vitamin deffeciency is linked to Beri-Beri
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Thiamin (B1)
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In PPP how is it you don't end up with large amounts of ribose-5-P
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because can combine reactions of PPP and glycolysis to produce glycolytic intermediates
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What does NADPH do to antioxidant glutathione in RBC's
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keeps it in reduced form
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Is the incorporation of selenocysteine in glutathione post translation or during translation
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during translation= mesage in mRNA cuases codon UGA to code for Sellenium to be put in
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if person has blood in urine, acute hemolytic anemia, what enzme in PPP is likely missing
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first enzyme glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase
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what would happen if you had to store glucose in cell instead of glycogen
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1 take alot of energy to get glucose into cell against gradient
2. water would come into cell and lyse it |
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Are red or white muscles fast twitch (which contain few mitochondria and break glucose down to lactate
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white
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when do you use G-1-P
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to make UDP glucose in the production of glycogen
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what does UDP glucose
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transfers glucose to the end of glycogens growing chain
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what is the small dimer protein that glycogen sythensis starts on
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glycogenin
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Is the breakdown of glycogen a hydrolysis or phorphorylase
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phosphorylase
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what does mutase do in the the glycogen production pathway
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it converts G1P to G6P
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what enzyme breaks down glycogen
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phosphorylsis
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Is phosphorylase B or phosphorylase a usually active
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Phosphorylase a
phosphorylase b- usu inactive |
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In phosphorylase b and b is the R or T state always active
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The R state
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what does phosphorylase kinase do
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cuases phosphorylase b to change into phosphorylase a (active)
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What happens when muscle phosphorylase b is in presence of high AMP
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it switches from T to R state to breakdown more glycogen
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what does phosphorylase kinase do?
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It phosphorylates- phosphorylase a and b
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What do glucagon and epinephrine trigger
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the breakdown of glycogen
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what activates protein kinase A (PKA)
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cAMP
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what does PKA activate
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phosphorylase kinase
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when glycogen synthase is phosphorylated it is active or inactive
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inactive
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What does protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) Do? It is activated by epinephrine
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increases rate of glycogen synthesis / decreases rate of glycogen breakdown
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what is the glucose sensor in the liver that reduces breakdown of glycogen when conc. of glucose high
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phosphorylase a - inactive when glucose and PP1 bound to it
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Does glucagon or epinephrine breakdown glucagon in muscle and liver
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epinephrine
glucagon- only break down in liver |
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What is Von Gierke disease characterized by
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enlarged abdomen, thin extremities, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis. Caused by inability to turn glycogen to glucose
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