Gastrointestinal system

The digestive tract is often called...

The components of the digestive system work together to perform the following 6 general steps:

Food first enters the mouth, an activity called...

The chewing action is called...

What is the chemical process of breaking down food into small molecules?

Why is digestion necessary?

What is necessary for food to breakdown?

Another name for mouth is...

Another name for lips is...

what are the two functions of the uvula?

The tongue pushes the food into a ball-like mass called a...

What keeps us from swallowing our tongue and aids in proper speech?

there are three pairs of salivary glands called...

A large parotid salivary gland is found slightly inferior and anterior to what?

The smallest of the salivary glands, the sublingual salivary glands, are located under what?

The submandibular salivary glands are located on both sides along the inner surfaces of what?

On average, these 3 pairs glands collectively produces how much saliva daily?

what percentage of water is in saliva?

Although saliva is almost totally water, it also contains what?

Salivary ___ is a general term for the digestive enzymes that speed up the chemical activity that breaks down carbohydrates.

a specific salivary amylase that converts starches to simple sugars

The first set of teeth are called...

What are the five types of teeth?

The three parts of the tooth..

Internally, most teeth are made up of a mineralized, bonelike substance called...

the next internal layer of the tooth after dentin is called...

the pulp of the tooth is located in what?

The root of a tooth is nestled in a bony socket and is held in place by fibers of the...

What covers the dentin of the root, aiding in securing the periodontal ligament?

healthy gums are called...

the result of microorganisms attacking tooth enamel...

Bacteria, diets rich in carbohydrates, poor dental hygiene, and the lack of regular visits to the dentist all work together to create a soft sticky substance called...

a wider problem attributed to the same causative agents as dental caries and sometimes to an inadequate diet. Not only can the teeth be affected, but gums and the supportive structures for your teeth can also be involved.

As the plaque builds up at the gum line, the gums become inflamed, causing a condition called...

a precancerous condition usually attributed to the use of chewing tobacco or snuff.

Poor fitting dentures can lead to a condition known as...

small ulcers in your mouth...

cracking and associated inflammation on the lips and corners of the mouth,

a muscular ring at the beginning of the esophagus is called...

What is the rhythmic wavelike muscular contraction in the esophagus that works the food down to the stomach called?

Once the bolus reaches the end of the esophagus, a second door must be opened to allow entry to the stomach. This is the...

actual clinical name for heartburn

the four basic layers that make up the wall of the alimentary canal are...

for most of the alimentary canal, the serosa layer is the visceral ___

Some abdominopelvic organs such as the urinary bladder and the duodenum are not surrounded by peritoneum and are called ___ organs.

The esophagus possesses only a loose layer of connective tissue called the...

the stomach can expand or decrease in diameter thanks to deep, mucous-coated folds in the stomach wall called...

what are the four regions of the stomach?

which region of the stomach does most of the digestion?

what is the thick, heavy, creamlike liquid—semisolid mixture of food and gastric juices inthe stomach called?

the door that separates the stomach from the small intestine is called...

glands that excrete gastric juices are called...

gastric juice is a general term for the combination of which 3 things?

gastric glands produce how many milliliters of gastric juice a day?

pepsinogen is secreted by which cells?

HCl is secreted by which cells?

pepsinogen and HCl combine to for what?

besides pepsinogen and HCl, othe specialized cells secrete a substance known as ______, which is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12

nerve that controls the stomach

the three phases of gastric juice production

the first part of the small intestine is called...

occurs when acidic stomach contents "squirt" back (acid reflux) through the lower esophageal sphincter and into the esophagus.

the result of a breakdown of the mucosal membrane found in the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine.

inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach

the middle section of the small intestine is the...

The terminal end of the small intestine is the...

The terminal end of the small intestine attaches to the large intestine at the...

a small green organ located on the inferior surface of the liver that provides bile.

produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, is yellow-brown or yellow-green and contains acids, mucus, fluids, and two pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin.

Gallbladder activity is caused by which hormone?

the muscle action that mixes chyme and digestive juices, working much like a cement mixer.

needed to digest portions of the protein structure called peptides.

needed for digestion of certain fats.

The wall of the small intestine possesses circular folds called ___ ___ and fingerlike protrusions into the lumen called ___?

The villi also have outer layers of columnar epithelial cells, which possess microscopic extensions known as...

Each villus (singular form of villi) contains a network of capillaries and a lymphatic capillary called a...

The capillaries of the intestines absorb and transport sugars and amino acids to where for further processing?

Glycerol and fatty acids (obtained from the digestion of fat) are absorbed by the villi and converted into a lipoprotein that travels on to the lacteal, where it is now a white, milky substance called...

the three main regions of the large intestine

A pouch-shaped structure that receives any undigested food (such as cellulose) and water from the ileum of the small intestine.

a slender, hollow, dead-end tube lined with lymphatic tissue.

Since the appendix is wormlike in appearance, it is often called the...

"VERMIFORM"

if the appendix becomes blocked, inflammation can occur, causing...

Treatment for appendicitis is either antibiotics or the surgical removal of the appendix which is called?

the colon is divided into what four regions?

The ___ colon travels up the right side of the body to the level of the liver.

The ___ colon travels across the abdomen just below the liver and the stomach.

Bending downward near the spleen, the ___ colon goes down the left side, where it becomes the ___ colon.

The sigmoid ("S" shaped) colon extends to the...

What are the two important roles the large intestine plays

an infection and inflammation of diverticula or sacs in the intestinal tract, especially in the colon.

a condition in which there are diverticula in the intestinal tract, especially the colon, that are not inflamed or produce any symptoms.

an infection that occurs when bacteria and the contents of the appendix enter the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity

the largest glandular organ in the body and the largest organ in the abdominopelvic cavity.

"HEPATIC"

The liver receives about how many quarts of blood every minute from the hepatic portal vein (carrying blood full of the end products of digestion) and hepatic artery (providing oxygen-rich blood).

bile production is a critical liver digestive function that is stimulated into action by the duodenum's secretion of what hormone?

the action of breaking up fat into smaller particles in the lver is called...

a sac-shaped organ approximately 7.5 to 10 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) long, located right under the liver's right lobe.

While it is storing the bile, your gallbladder also concentrates it by reabsorbing much of its what in which makes the bile 6 to 10 times more concentrated than it was in the liver.

if too much water is reabsorbed inthe gallbladder and the bile is constantly too concentrated, bile salts may solidify into what?

"ASE" at the end of a word means it is a what?

the four general digestive enzymes excreted by the pancreas

stones can form from substances in the bile while it is stored in the gallbladder. This condition is called...

"LITH"

The surgical removal of the gallbladder is called...

what is the condition called when inflammation occurs with gall stones?

"CHOLE"

"CYST"

"ITIS"

using shock waves to smash gall stones is called?

enzymes begin to inflame and destroy the pancreas in condition known as...

an inflammation of the liver usually caused by an exposure to an infectious agent, a toxin, or certain drugs.

the most common type of hepatitis infection worldwide

a blood-borne virus that usually causes acute illness, but in a small percentage of cases it develops into a chronic illness that causes permanent liver damage.

an example of toxic hepatitis.

a liver disease in which healthy tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue.

the four most common symptoms of digestive disorders are...

"CYST"

"ITIS"

using shock waves to smash gall stones is called?

enzymes begin to inflame and destroy the pancreas in condition known as...

an inflammation of the liver usually caused by an exposure to an infectious agent, a toxin, or certain drugs.

the most common type of hepatitis infection worldwide

a blood-borne virus that usually causes acute illness, but in a small percentage of cases it develops into a chronic illness that causes permanent liver damage.

an example of toxic hepatitis.

a liver disease in which healthy tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue.

the four most common symptoms of digestive disorders are...

a protective means of ridding the digestive tract of an irritant or overload of food.

results when the fluid contents in the small intestine are rushed through the large intestine before they can adequately reabsorb the water.

"DIA"

"RRHEA"

the opposite of diarrhea.

Also known as dental cavities, the gradual decay of teeth; can cause inflamed tissue.

Congenital anomaly in which the upper lip fails to come together, often seen along with a cleft palate.

Congenital anomaly in which the roof of the mouth has a split or fissure.

Form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the ileum and/or colon. Also called regional ileitis/enteritis.

Narrowing of the esophagus that makes the flow of fluids and food difficult. May be due to GERD.

Inflammation of the gums, leading to tooth loss; generally due to poor dental hygiene.

Protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm and extending into the thoracic cavity; reflux esophagitis is a common symptom. More common in women, incidence increases with age.

Wisdom tooth that is tightly wedged into the jaw bone so that it is unable to erupt.

Disease of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bones. Approximately 80% of tooth loss in individuals age 45 and older can be attributed to periodontal disease.

Discharge of purulent material from dental tissue.

Infection and/or inflammation of the stomach and small intestines due to a virus or bacterium. Source may also be chemical in nature.

Acid from the stomach backs up into the esophagus, causing inflammation and pain.

A chronic condition in which wheat glutens (or equivalent substances in barley, oats, or rye) cause damage to the mucosa of the small intestine, creating a malabsorption situation. Disease more common in white European groups, especially western Ireland.

Varicose veins in the rectum.

Hernia or outpouching of intestines into the inguinal region of the body.

Disturbance in the functions of the intestine from unknown causes; often seen in young to middle age females. May be stress related; may also be due to laxative abuse or -irritating foods.

Result of the intestine slipping or telescoping into another section of intestine just below it, often in the ileocecal region; more common in children.

Inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tractcaused by a variety of diseases and disorders of the pancreas or gallbladder.

Small tumors that contain a pedicle or foot-like attachment in the mucous membranes of the large intestine (colon).

Ulceration of the mucous membranes of the colon; cause is unknown, but UC tends to run in families; belongs to a group of conditions known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

This condition is a result of a congenital deformity or a foreign body in which the bowel twists upon itself and causes an obstruction. Painful and requires immediate surgery.