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39 Cards in this Set

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Neoplasia is defines as?
uncontrollable cell proliferation
i.e. escapes normal control mechanisms of cell growth
definition of autonomous?
auto=self nomas=self governing

fxn independently, replicated steadily and competes with normal cells for metabolic needs
Carcinomas arise from ? named by?
epithelial cells, named by type of epithelium
ex; squamos cell carcinoma
Sarcomas arise from? named by?
arise from mesenchymal

named by cell component of tumor

ex; fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma
beningn tumors that arise from germ layer cells and contain derivatives of different germ layers are labeled?
tetratoma
Hepatoma, bening or malignant?
malignant,
correct name hepatic cell carcinoma
melanoma, benign or malignant?
highly malignant.
tumor from melanocytes
Hamartoma suggests a tumor but is?
mass of mature disorganized tissue related to organ.
four factors that differentiate benign vs malignant tumors are?
differentiation and neoplasia
rate of growth
encapsulation and invasiveness
metastasis
malignant cells can be completely undifferentiated which means?
cells have no morphologic resemblence to normal tissues
histologically malignancies have these characteristics.
pleomorphism
giant cells
loss of normal orientation
nuclei
-variable size and shape
-hyperchromic, incr DNA
-prominant nuclei
mitosis
-numerous
-atypical (tripolar, quadripolar)
malignant fxnality:
undifferentiated; no functional activity consists of?
loss of enzyme and specialized pathways of metabolism
Malignant: new functions:
ectopic hormones by?

Abnormal enzymes as?
non endocrine cancers(ACTH by bronchogenic carcinoma)
2. acid phosphatase by protastatic carcinoma
disorder growth of squam cells in large nests w/ pink keratin in the center are called?
keratin pearls
rate of growth; malignant:

angiogenesis factor stimulates?
growth of new capillaries

-some influenced by hormone e.g. breast carcinoma incr rapidfly during pregnancy
assesment
Clinically?
Microscopically?
change in size of mass in serial examination
2. number of mitotic figures
appearance of nuclei
encapsulation and invasivness
benign?
no invasiveness, are movable, easily enucleated during removal, no spread
leiomyoma of uterus and hemangioma lack?
capsules.
Malignant never develops capsules,
infiltrate and destroy tissue surrounding.
invasiveness depends on?
physical pressure on tissue
secretion of enzymes--degrade matrix
low adhesiveness of cells-shed easily
loss of contact inhibition
vulnerability of adjacent tissue-to tumor invasiveness
metastasis is?
the transfer of malignant cells from one site to another not directly connected with it--> secondary implans discontinuous w/ primary
metastasis is the most important difference from benign tumors, and major cause of death because?
difficult to eradicate
basal cell carcinoma of skin and malignant tumors of the brain do not?
metastasize- exception
route of spread.
what are the three?
1. direct seeding of body cavities-peritoneal, pleural, pericardial
2. lymphatic spread-(carcinomas) regional lymph then distant
3. hematogenous spread: sarcomas- lung and liver
direct seeding of cavities
1. tumors invade serous sacs ...
carcinoma of colon may penetrate wall and re-implant in distant sites in peritoneal cavity omentum
lymphatic spread is the?
most common route of metastasis for carcinomas.
-sarcomas spread mostly by blood.
hematogenous spread;
sarcomas metastasize ______ and more readily by blood than carcinomas?
earlier
veins are more readily penetrated than arteries----> malignant cells follow venous flow to reach?
liver and lung
grading or staging of cancer.
types of grading...
Carcinoma are graded ?
Sarcoma are graded?
1. numerically 1-4 order of increasing anaplasia
2. descriptively-low-high grade
grading is imperfect because?
grade of tumor may change over time
- diff parts of the same tumor may display diff degrees of differentiation
staging detects stage of cancer which indicates?
course of tx and px of the condition
TNM system
size of primary lesion
T1 T2 T3 T4
T1- less than 2 cm
T2-2-5 cm
T3- more than 5 cm
T4- infiltrating adjacent structures-any size
extent of regional spread to lymph
N0-N1,N2
N0- not invaded
N1- involved , mobile
N3- involved, fixed
presence or absence of distant metastases.
M0, M1, M2
M0- absent
M1-present (one organ)
M2- present (more than one organ)
predisposition to cancer include
environmental facotrs
age
hereditary
pre-neoplastic
carcinogenic agents
oncogenes
pre-neoplastic disorders are?
liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic ulcerative colitis and colon carcinoma
carcinogenic agents are non lethal genetic damage (mutation) acquired by action of?
environmental factors- chemical, radiation, viruses
2. oncogenic viruses- HPV, AIDS, HIV, hepatitis B/C, EBV
oncogenes are genes whose products are associated with neoplastic transformation.

Pre-oncogenes are?
Anti-oncogenes?
1. exposure to carcinogen---> activation into cancer causing oncogenes
2. (cancer suppressor gene):
genes that normally suppress tissue proliferation---> inactivation may result in cancer
Clinical effects of tumors are ? (8)
obstruction
destruction
bleeding
erosion/ulceration
infarction
space-occupying lesion
hormone production
cachexia
paraneoplastic disorder is defines as?
manifestations distant from primary lesion that are not directly related to metastasis
1. ectopic production of hormones
2. hypercalcemia
3. hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropahty- lung cancer, clubbing of fingers