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40 Cards in this Set

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heredity
Passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring
trait
Characteristics
genetics
Scientific study of heredity
fertilization
When the egg and sperm join together to form a new organism
purebred
Offspring of many generations that have the same trait. They have identical alleles (TT or tt)
P generation
Parental generation
F1 generation
First filial generation--offspring from the P generation
F2 generation
Second filial generation--offspring from the F1 generation
gene
Factors that control a trait
allele
Different forms of a gene
How are an organism's traits controlled?
By the alleles inherited from its parents.
dominant alleles
An allele whose trait always shows up when it is present
recessive allele
An allele whose trait is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present
hybrid
Organism that has two different alleles for a trait Tt
probability
Number describing how likely it is an event will occur
Punnett square
Chart showing all possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
If you cross a tall (TT) pea plant with a short (tt) pea plant, what percentage of plants will be tall?
100%
If you cross two tall (Tt) pea plants, what percent of the plants will be tall? Short?
75% tall; 25% short
phenotype
Organism's physical appearance or visible traits
genotype
Organism's genetic makeup or allele combinations
homozygous
Has two identical alleles for a trait (TT)
heterozygous
Has two different alleles for a trait (Tt)
codominance
Alleles are neither dominant or recessive and both traits show; written as capital letters with superscripts
If you cross a chicken with white feathers with a rooster with black feathers, what trait will offspring have?
Both white and black feathers
incomplete dominance
Results in a blending of traits
If you cross a white mouse with a black mouse, what color will offspring have?
Gray
Blood type shows what type of dominance?
Codominance
Explain the chromosome theory of inheritance.
Genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes
What happens during meiosis?
Chromosome pairs separate and are distributed to two different cells. Th resulting sex cells have half chromosomes as other cells.
How are genes lined up on the chromosomes?
In the same order on both chromosomes; each chromosome in the pair has the same genes
Phase of meiosis during which a cell replicates its chromosomes?
Interphase
Phase of meiosis during which chromosomes coil up and a spindle forms.
Prophase I
Phase of meiosis during which the spindle fibers pull the tetrads to the equator of e spindle.
Metaphase I
Phase of meiosis during which homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of cell; centromeres don't split
Anaphase I
Phase of meiosis during which the spindle breaks down, chromosomes uncoil, and cytoplasm divides; results in two new cells
Telophase I
Phase of meiosis during which a spindle forms in each of the two new cells and fibers attach to chromosomes
Prophase II
Phase of meiosis during which the chromosomes are pulled to the center of the cell and line up randomly at equator
Metaphase II
Phase of meiosis during which the centromeres of each chromosome splits and sister chromatids separate, move to opposite poles
Anaphase II
Phase of meiosis during which the nuclei re-form, the spindles break down, and cytoplasm divides
Telophase II
The final phase of meiosis, cytokinesis, results in...
Four haploid sex cells from one original diploid cell; each haploid cell contains one chromosome from each homologous pair