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41 Cards in this Set

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Goodness of fit Chi-Square
what is this!
natural ends of a whole linear chromosome
telomere
constricted region of the chromosome where the kinetochores form
centromere
principle of segregation
each individual diploid organism possesses two alleles for any particular characteristic
backcross
cross between an F1 genotype and a parental genotype
testcross
individual of unknown genotype is crossed with another individual with a HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE genotype
principle of independent assortment
alleles at different loci separate independently of one another
turner syndrome
females, often have underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics
often sterile
klinefelter syndrome
males
one of more Y chromosomes and multiple X chromosomes
androgen-insensitivity syndrome
females with XY chromosomes
phenotype of female
dont menstrate @ puberty
{for testosterone to have an effect it has to bind to an androgen receptor}
the heterozygote is exactly intermediate between two homozygotes phenotypes
incomplete dominance
phenotype of the heterozygote is not intermediate between two homozygote phenotypes
codominance
when the genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype
incomplete penetrance
the percentage of individual organisms having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype
penetrance
ex. 38 of 42 people with an allele for polydactyl actually are polydactyl. 38/42=.9=90% penetrance
the degree to which a character is expressed.
expressivity
ex. some polydactyls have multiple extra toes, fingers,
some have just a little nub
incomplete penetrance + variable expressivity are due to what?
effects of other genes and the environment
causes death at an early stage of development
lethal allele
multiple alleles
a locus has more than 2 possible alleles it could inherit
ex. Blood type
genes at multiple loci determine a single phenotype
gene interaction
epistasis
one gene masks the effect of another gene at a different locus
{like dominance, only thats on just one locus}
epistatic gene
the gene that does the masking
recessive epistatis
look up in book! pg. 107
dominant epistasis
look up in book! pg. 108
differential expression of genetic material depending on whether it is inherited from the male or female parent
genomic imprinting
an allele whose product is functional only at certain temperatures
temperature-sensitive allele
characteristics that have a few easily distinguished phenotypes
discontinuous phenotypes
characteristics that exhibit a continuous distribution of phenotypes
continuous characteristics
continuous characteristics are also called..
quantitative characteristics
number of genotypes possible with multiple alleles {what is the equation}
3 to the n
characteristics encoded by genes at many loci
polygenic characteristics
converse of polygeny
one gene effects multiple characteristics
pleiotropy
Lod score
used to determine the probability that genes are actually linked
a LOD score of 3 or higher is usually considered convincing evidence for linkage
principles of inheritance in garden peas
Gregor Mendel
1866
DNA first identified as an acidic substance found in cell nuclei
Freidrich Meischer
1869
recombination
creating new combination of alleles on a chromatid
genes located close together on the same chromosome
linked genes
linked genes belong to
the same linkage group
linked genes travel together in meiosis and both arrive at
the same gamete
Walter S. Sutton and Theodor Boveri
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
1902
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Confirmation of chromosome theory
Genetic mapping and development of Drosophila as an experimental system
1910
Alfred Sturtevant
First ever linkage map created by Columbia undergraduate
1913