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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is GFR?
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Glomerular filtration rate
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What is inulin?
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naturally occurring polysaccharides produced by many types of plants not metabolized in the body but passes from blood to urine. Used to measure GRF.
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Most commonly used test for GFR?
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CREATININE TEST
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What happens to urea levels in blood as renal function declines
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increases
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other causes of increased urea
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muscle mass and protein intake
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What is azotemia?
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medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds, such as urea, creatinin
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How is abnormal kidney function determined?
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lab tests such as BUN & creatinine tests
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what is uremia?
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toxic effects of abnormally high concentrations of nitrogenous substances in the blood as a result of the kidney’s failure to expel these waste products
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What is oliguria?
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low output of urine
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What is pericarditis?
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inflammation of the pericardium (the fibrous sac surrounding the heart)
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what is a syndrome?
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A group of symptoms that consistently occur together
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what are 3 clinical symptoms (or syndromes) of renal dsiease
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*occult hematuria
*occult proteinuria *urinary tract infections |
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What are the top 2 types of bacterial infections?
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most common - respiratory
second - urinary |
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What are 3 general types of UTI's
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*asymtomatic bacteriuria
*lower UTIs *upper UTIs |
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What types of UTIs are most serious
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upper UTIs
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What can kinds of things can cause urinary retention and obstruction ( a common cause of acute and chronic renal failure)?
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Developmental defects
kidney stones pregnancy scar tissue tumors neurological disorders Enlarged prostate |
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Why is stasis of urine a problem?
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*infection
*stones |
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Why is backpressure of urine a problem?
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*slows renal blood flow
*causes destruction of renal tissue |
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What is hydroureter
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distention of the ureter with urine or watery fluid, due to obstruction
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What is hydronephrosis
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swelling of one kidney due to a backup of urine.
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How does CRF progress?
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*1st asymptomatic
*gradual loss; mild to severe *no seen symptoms until only 10% of kidney function remains |
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What is ATN?
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Acute tubular necrosis is a kidney disorder involving damage to the tubule cells of the ... Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is usually caused by lack of oxygen
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What are 3 types of acute renal failure(ARF)?
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* prerenal - decreased blood
* postrenal - stones, tumor, prostrate * intrinsic - ischemia, toxins, intratubular obstruction |
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What is Analgesic nephropathy
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Analgesic nephropathy is injury to the kidney caused by analgesic medications such as aspirin, phenacetin, and paracetamol.
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What is Reflux nephropathy
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Reflux nephropathy is a condition in which the kidneys are damaged by the backward flow of urine into the kidney
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What other disease is associated with reflux nephropathy?
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diabetes
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what is obstructive uropathy
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Obstructive uropathy is a condition in which the flow of urine is blocke
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What is polycystic kidney disease.
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Polycystic kidney disease is a kidney disorder passed down through families in which many cysts form in the kidneys
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Name some causes of CRF?
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STONES and the 4 above disorders
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What is (BPH)?
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(BPH) stands for benign prostatic hyperplasia which means a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland
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Where does (BPH) form?
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an increase in the number of cells in the part of the prostate gland that surrounds the urethra, this growth is benign, or noncancerous.
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symptoms of bph
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Trouble starting a urine stream or making more than a dribble
Passing urine often, especially at night Feeling that the bladder has not fully emptied A strong or sudden urge to urinate A weak or slow urine stream Stopping and starting again several times while passing urine Pushing or straining to begin passing urine. |
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Name 3 treatments of BPH treatment
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Watchful waiting (regular follow-up with your doctor)
Drug therapy (Alpha-one blockers or 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors) Surgery. |
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3 factors protective against prostrate cancer (natural)
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*lycopene
*selenium *Vitamin E |
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Chemoprevention?
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5 alpha-reductase inhibitors
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4 mechanisms used to detect BPH
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Digital rectal exam (DRE)
Prostate specific antigen (PSA test) Rectal ultrasound or (Ultrsonagraphy) Urine flow study Cystoscopy.(a test that allows your doctor to look at the interior lining of the bladder and the urethra.) |
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Gleason scores
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Cancers with a higher Gleason score are more aggressive and have a worse prognosis.
1 - resembles normal prostate tissue. The glands are small, well-formed, and closely packed. 5 - The tissue does not have recognizable glands |
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What is BPH?
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also known as benign prostatic hypertrophy, is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland
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prtects against BPH
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lycopene
selenium vitamin E |
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Treatment of BPH
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Watchful waiting (regular follow-up with your doctor)
Drug therapy (Alpha one blockers or 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors) Surgery. |
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Diagnosis of BPH
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Digital rectal exam (DRE)
Prostate specific antigen test (PSA test) Rectal ultrasound Urine flow study Radiologic exam Cystoscopy. |
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Gleason scores
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1-5
1 = well differentiated (like normal) 5 = poor differentiation (tumor like one mass) |
