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Define: Globalization
Increased interconnectedness between cultures, and humans with physical environments.
What are the 5 themes of geographical analysis?
- Environment
- Population and settlement
- Cultural coherence and diversity
- Geopolitical framework
- Economic and social development
What are the 3 methods for cultural development (forced and natural)
- Cultural imperialism: forced replacement of culture

- Cultural nationalism: connecting a nation with a culture

- Cultural syncretism/hybridization: blending of cultures
What are the 5 environmental systems of Earth?
- Geology
- Climate
- Hydrology
- Vegetation
- Agriculture
Define:
- Convergent plate boundary
- Subduction zone
- Where tectonic plates collide
- Area in which one plate is pushed under another; creates volcanoes
Define:
- Divergent plate boundary
- Transform plate boundary
- Where plates are separating or moving apart.
- Where plates are sliding past each other, neither colliding nor dividing; often cause earthquakes.
Explain each of the following:
1) Stratovolcanoes
2) Shield volcanoes
3) Cinder cone
1) explosive volcano that occurs at the subduction zone

2) built up very gradually and are non-explosive

3) quite small, and they explode only once.
What are the following:
- Solar energy
- Latitude
- Land/water interactions
- Global pressure systems
- global wind patterns
Climatic controls
Explain:
The Green Revolution
(2 stages)
1950~ Increases in food production to intensive industrial agriculture
First Stage: high yield monoculture, increased fertilizer/pesticide/water/oil, reduced fallow time
Second Stage: 1970~ crops hybridized for tropical/subtropical climates, and multiple crops per parcel
Africa is known as "......"
The "Plateau Continent"
How/when were countries in Africa divided?
Berlin Conference - 1884
What is the European imprint on Sub-Saharan Africa?
- Economy is based on raw materials
- Oriented toward exports
- Authoritarian rule
Which worldwide disease is most concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa?
What are the numbers?
HIV/AIDS -- 67% of worldwide infections
What are the 3 major rivers in [North Africa, SW Asia] ?
Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, and Jordan
The oldest permanent settlements in the world are WHERE?
North Africa, SW Asia
What are the 4 main settlement locations/methods in [North Africa, SW Asia]?
- Fertile crescent
- Pastoral nomadism
- Oasis settlements
- Rivers
Explain: The Qanat System
Agriculture system meant to redirect groundwater so as to access more water in dry climates.
In the [North Africa, SW Asia] area, what 2 civilizations were the earliest sedentary settlements?
Catal Huyuk & Jericho
Explain the ORIGINS of Islam
Mix of many peoples/religions in Middle East.

Muhammad (571 AD), a merchant in Mecca preached a universal monotheism.

He was oppressed and forced out of Mecca for his religious teachings.

He traveled from Mecca to Medina (central market town to the North); came to be known as Hijrah.
What are the major beliefs of Islam?
Five Pillars:
- Monotheism
- Daily prayer facing Mecca (5 times a day)
- Fasting between sunup and sundown during Ramadan
- Charity
- Pilgrimage to Mecca
After Muhammad's death, Islam split into what 2 factions?
What event marked this split?
Sunnis - believed their leader should be from the clergy

Shiites - believed their leader should be from Muhammad's family

The Battle of Karbala
Many empires existed in the Middle East....
List them in chronological order and the dates that separate them.
Byzantine (Christian rule) <until 634 AD>
Muslim Arab rule <until 1071 AD>
Islam dominance <until 1099 AD>
Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem <until 1291 AD>
*retaken by Arabs*
Ottoman Empire <until WW1>
Britain & Arabs <after WW1>
Explain the Sykes-Picot Agreement
1915 -- Secret agreement between France and Britain to divide the Middle East; Palestine would be under international control
Explain the Balfour Declaration
1917 -- Palestine is established as the "National Home for the Jewish people."

Political Zionism