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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Earthquake
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-vibration of Earth produced by rapid release of energy
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Focus
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-source of Earthquake or hypocenter
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Elastic Rebound
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-springing back of the rock as it returns to its original shpae
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Aftershocks
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-smaller earthquakes generated after a major one
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Foreshock
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-precedes a major earthquake by days or even years
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Fault Creep
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slow, gradual displacement
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Stick Slip
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when a fault has alternating periods of locked behavior followed by sudden slippage and release of strain
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Seismology
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study of shakes
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Seismograph
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records seismic waves
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seismograms
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records obtained from seismogrpahs
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surface waves
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waves traveling along the outer part of the Earth
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Body Waves
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travel through the Earth's interior
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P Waves
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-primary
-compressional |
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S Waves
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-secondary
-shake, change shape |
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Epicenter
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location on the surface directly above the focus
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Richter Scale
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-based on amplitude of largest seismic wave recorded on a seismograph
-logarithmic scale |
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Surface Wave Magnitude
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-measures largest amplitude surface wave having a period close to 20 seconds
-doesn't work well for deep focus earthquakes |
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Body Wave Magnitude
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describes earthquakes with great focal depths
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Moment Magnitude
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calculated from field studies and seismographs
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What affects earthquake destruction?
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1. intensity of vibrations
2.duration of vibrations 3.nature of material upon which structure rests 4. design of structure (soft sediment vs. bedrock) |
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What causes damage?
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1. ground rupture
2.downed power lines 3. landslides 4.falling debris 5.building, bridge collapse 6.tsunami 7.chimney collapse |
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Liquefaction
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when unconsolidated materials are saturated with water
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seiches
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rythmic slashing of water in lakes
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tsunami
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waves generated by an earthquake, result from vertical displacement on the ocean floor
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How can Earthquakes be predicted?
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-animal behavior
-strain in rocks -uplift -subsidence creep meters, tilt meters |
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Paleoseismology
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the study of layered deposits that were offset by prehistoric seimis disturbances
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Angular
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layered rocks that were uplifted and other rocks are above
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non-conformity
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igneous or metamorphic rocks overlaid by seidments
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disconformity
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gap in fossil record or irregular erosion
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radioactive decay
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spontaneous breakdown of unstable isotopes, follows predictable mathematical equation
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