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75 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Changing a loose sediment into a hard sediment rock that includes both physical and chemical changes
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Diagenesis
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Large breaks in the sedimentary rock
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Unconformities
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Type of unconformity- Sed. over Ign. or Meta. rock (often basement) (usually has very large time loss, new transgression)
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Nonconformity
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Type of unconformity-Sed. over tilted or folded sed. rock,usually has large time loss, indicates orogeny (geosyncline)
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Angular Unconformity
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Type of unconformity- Sed. over eroded sed. rock (relief) Medium-large time loss, usally on platforms
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Disconformity
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Type of unconformity- Sed. over parallel sed. rock (almost no relief) usally medium time loss, looks like bedding plane
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Paraconformity
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Depostional eniornment that includes mountains, high plains
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Upland terrestrial
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Depostional environment that includes coastal plains, rivers, lakes, deltas
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Lowland terestrial
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Depostional environment that includes continental shelves, platforms, bays
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Shallow-water marine
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Depostional environment that includes cont. slope and rise, abyssal plains, ridges, and trenches
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Deep-sea
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Preservability order of depostional environments?
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shallow-water marine>lowland terrestial>deep sea> upland terrestial
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1st big revolution in geology (1822-1841)
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Relative Time Scale
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Features of a "geological clock"?
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1.Accuracy-runs at a constant rate
2.resistant to physical and chemical changes 3.starts at time of formation of geologic feature 4.has a suitable rate for feature you want to date 5.has several clocks running to check against each other |
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information needed to calulate a date for geologic feature?
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Half-life (exponential) decay curve (P/Po vs. h [no. of half lives]) Parent-to-daughter ratio (P/D) - usually measured
H = Half-life decay constant for each P-D combination T (time, yrs. age) = H (yrs./half life x h (no. of half lives) |
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What is the Range of Paleontology
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All types of life (record of organisms living today plus all those that have become extinct)
All of geologic time since life first appeared on earth (at least 3,500 mill. years ago) All aspects of organisms and their existence (both the pattern of the empirical record and the inferred processes that may have produced it) |
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a subdivision of Paleontology that inclused fossil invertebrates
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Invertebrate paleontology
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subdivision of Paleontology that includes fossil vertebrates
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Vertebrate paleontology
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subdivision of Paleontolgy that includes fossil microorganisms
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Micropaleontology
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subdivision of Paleontology that includes fossil algae and plants
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paleobotany
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Def- Any evidence of past life preserved in rock (usally sedimentary)
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Fossils
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Type of fossil that includes skeletons or hard parts of multicellular fossil organisms
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Body fossils
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Type of fossil that includes evidence of an organism's activity (footprints, trails, root traces corprolites)
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Trace fossil
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Type of fossil that includes skeletons of tiny or unicellular fossil organisms
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Microfossils
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Type of fossil that includes soft part presevation in fossil organisms (rare)
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Extraordinary fossils
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What are the five biases in the fossil record
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1.skeletons, hard parts
2.depostional environment 3.Time Bias-99% of all fossils in last 12% of geologic time 1% precambrian 4. sample-verysmall vs. what lived in past 5. collector bias |
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use of fossils to tell time and date sedimentary rocks
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Biostratigraphy
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How fossil organisms work and interactions with thier enviroment
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Paleoecology
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changes in living organims through geologic time "decent with modification", natural selection, speciation rates, ect.
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Evolution
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geographic distribution of fossil organisms, mirgation, plate movements
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paleoclimatology
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climatic distribution of fossil organisms, climatic zones
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paleoclimatology
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isotopic analysis of fossils (temperature, salinity, growth rates)
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Biogeochemistry
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type of preservation of a fossil that includes pertified wood, silica or pyrite repl.
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Permineralized fossils (replacement)
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Type of preservation of fossils that include leaves, soft tissues (rare)
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Impressions
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Type of preservation of fossils that include leaves, wood (coal)
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Carbonized fossils
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Type of preservation of fossils that includes mollusc steinkerns, molds in chert or shale
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Molds and casts
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Type of preservation of fossils that includes leaves, soft-bodies organisms
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siderite (iron carbonate) concretions
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The Five different ways to preserve a fossil
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Permineralized, impressions, carbonized fossils, molds and casts, siderite (iron carbonate) concretions
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name the hierarchical classification in order
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Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
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The 4 main points for evoultion by natural selection
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1. organism overproduce offspring
2. organisms vary in nature 3. only some offspring survive on average 4.most advantageous variants survive on average |
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The problems and objections to evolution and natural selection
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1.) Divine creation vs. mechanistic evolution (humans)
2.) Natural selection explains only half of evolution - adaptations to environmental conditions but not how variations got there originally (mutations, etc.) 3.) Darwin needed particulate inheritance (genes act like particles) vs. commonly believed blended inheritance (genes act like liquids) - Gregor Mendel's (1866) paper on genetics of garden peas proved this but paper nearly unknown until1900. 4.) Fossil record didn't support at first - too incomplete, no continuous evolutionary lineages, big gaps between major groups, but this changed in next 10-20 years. Jurassic ammonoid lineages, Tertiary horse sequence from N. America, "missing links" such as Archaeopteryx,1st fossil humans (Neanderthal man). 5.) Lord Kelvin's estimate for age of the Earth based on heat loss only ~40 mill. yrs. - way too short for amount of time needed by Darwin for gradual evolution in organisms. Not disproved until Boltwood's (1907) radiometric age dates. |
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a heritable attribute of an organism
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Character
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an ancestral charcter. This character was inherited from a distant, or ancient ancestor
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plesiomorphy
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A group of taxa that includes an ancestor and some, but not all of its decendants
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Paraphyletic group
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A group of taxa that excludes the common ancestor of the taxa within it, and places the ancestor in another taxon
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polyphyletic group
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A group of taxa that is made up of an ancestor and all of its descendents
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Monophyletic group
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slow continous change in whole species vs. almost no change in main populations (stasis) + rapid change in isolated populations (peripheral isolates)
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Phyletic gradualism (old) vs. Punctuated equilibrium
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grouping taxa (families) by when they reach thier maximum diversity in fossil record
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Evolutionary faunas
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trilobites dominate this evoultionary fauna
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Cambrian Evol. fauna
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brachiopods dominate this evoultionary fauna
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Paleozoic Evol. Fauna
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clams, and snails dominate this evoultionary fauna
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Modern Evol. Fauna
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fast divergence of small group followed by large slower diversification to produce new major group
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Adaptive radiation
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Two unrelated taxa evolve v similar morphology (produce polyphyletic group if classified together)
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Convergence
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Little change in morphololgy over a long period of time- "Living fossils"
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Arrested evolution
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the probable age of the earth
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4.5-4.6 billion yrs. based on lead isotopes, meteorites, moon rocks
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how old are the the oldest crustal rocks on Earth
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4.0+billion years
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the important factors for the Earth's favorable climate
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1. Distance from the Sun
2. Liquid H2O on Earth (Temp. n. const., CO2 i, H2O to oceans) 3. Large Moon (vs. Earth size) - stabilize orbit, med. tilt of axis 4. Life on Earth (produce O2) 5. Large outer planets (intercept comets, stabilize orbits) 6. Plate tectonics (still active surface, cont. growth of oceans) |
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later change from reducing-->oxidizing atmosphere
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2.5-2.0 bill. yrs. ago
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55% of present Earth surface
22% of present Earth surface 15% of present Earth surface 8% of present Earth surface |
Deep Sea
Low-land terestrial Shallow-water marine Upland terestrial |
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Name the compositional layers of earth and describe each one
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Crust-Earth's outermost layer, thickness ranges from 5km (oceanic crust) to 35km (continental crust)
Mantle-ranges from base of crust till 2900km depth high percenatge of Fe and Mg collectively termed peridotite Core- composed of liquid outer core and solid inner core. Both composed of iron and nickle |
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Name the Mechanical layers of Earth
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Lithosphere- rigid outer layer including crust and upper mantle broken into a number of large plates
Asthenosphere-underlies litosphere. Rock in asthenosphere behaves in a ductile (plastic)manner. Mesosphere-below asthensphere rocks behave like solid again |
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Bottom of the crust marked by an overall change in rock mineralogy and density, so that seismic waves velocities suddenltly increase
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Moho disountinuity
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The amount of sediment delivered to a continental margin affects relative sea level
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Sediment supply
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The margins of continents that tend to gently warp downward as they are loaded with sedimennts
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Subsidence
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refers to the changes in ocean water level across the entire word
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Estastic Seal Level
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Appearance and branching order considered together, Linnean graded clasification
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Evolutionary
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Branching order alone, new features at each node, nested cladogram diagram and classification
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Cladistic
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-tonalites (granitic gneisses) early cont. crust
-greenstones with komatites (high mg basalts) -early crust |
Archean Rocks
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-tonalites+greenstones
-anorthosites, granodiorites -silceaous banded iron ores (chert+Fe2O3) |
Proterozoic Rock
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Types of Earth material behavior
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Brittle(break)-high stress applied fast
Elastic(bounce)-low medium stress applied fast Plastic(flow)-low-med stress applied slowly |
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Areas of thick,deformed, sedimentary rocks usually in mountains
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Geosynclines
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Parts of the geosyncline
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Miogeosyncline (near cont.)
Eugeosyncline (near ocean) |
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The cycle of a geosyncline
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Depostional-Terminal Oregeny-Erosional Part
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Evidence for Mobile Continents
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1. fittong and matching continents margins,surface geology
2.Climatically controlled features like glacial deposits 3.Paleomagnetism 4.Ocean Features 5.Seismic information |
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most common type of sediment feature
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Bedding
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Transgession and Regression
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opposite of each
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