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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an Atom?
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Smallest Individual particle retaining properties of an element
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What is an element?
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fundamental substances into which matter can be broken down chemically
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What is a Rock?
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Natually formed, coherent mass of one or more minerals
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What is a Mineral?
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1)naturally formed 2) inorganic 3)solid 4)specific chemical composition 5)characteristic crystal structure
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What is in the Nucleus?
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Protons (+charge) neutrons (neutral)
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What is the Atomic Number?
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Number of prtons in nucleus
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What is the Mass Number?
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Total number of protons plus neutrons
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What is an Isotope?
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Atoms witht the same atomic number but diferent mass numbers
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What is an Electron
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(-charge), very little mass , moves in orbitals or energy-level shells
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What is an ion/
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atom with excess positive or negative charge caused by electron transfer
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What is an cation?
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+ charged ion
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What is an anion?
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- charged ion
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What is a compound?
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two or more elements combine in a specific ratio
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What is Ionic bonding?
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attraction/bonding between +&- charged particles
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What is Covalent Bonding?
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Sharing of electrons by two adjacent atoms (strong)
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What is metallic bonding?
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Electrons shared between several atoms
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What are van der waals bonding?
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weak secondary attraction between cerain molecules
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What is a complex ion?
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two or more ions taht act as a single entity
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What is Crystal structure?
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Geometric patterns of atoms in a solid
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What is Crystalline
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Has a crystal structure
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What is Amorphous?
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Lack crystal structures
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What is ionic substitution?
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Ions with similar sizes and charges can substitute for each other
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What is Crystal form?
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Geometric arrangement of crystal faces
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What is cleveage?
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Mineral's tendency to break in preferred directions
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What is Luster?
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Quality and intesity of light reflected
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What are the common minerals?
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o, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, Kw
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What is a silicates?
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minerals that contain silicate anion
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What is Plymerization?
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Process of linking silicate tetrahedra
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What are Igneous rocks?
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Form from cooling and solidfication of magma
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What are Sedimentary rocks?
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Form from consolidation of sediment
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What are metamorphic rocks?
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Orignal form has been altered by high T*
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What is texture?
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size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains
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What is mineral assemblage
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varietites and abundance ofminerals present
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What is the rock cycle?
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Exposed rocks tranform into sediment;sediment is buried and compacted, becoming sedimentary rock, deep stuff turns into metamorphic rock, and the deepest is melted turned into magma which forms igneous rock.
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What is extrusive igneous rocks/
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Formed by solidification of lava/tephra on earth's surface (fine grain)
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What is intrusive igneous rocks?
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formed by solidification or magma w/in earth's crust (coarse grain)
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What is Phanerite grain?
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Coarse grained >2mm intrusive
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What is Pegmatite grain
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Unusually large mineral grains (>2cm)
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What is Aphanite grain?
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Fine grained (<2mm) extrusive
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What is Pophyry grain/
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Coarse grains(pheoncrysts) in a fine-grained groundmass
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What is Pyroclast?
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Fragment of rock ejected during volcanic eruption
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What is tephra?
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Deposit of pyroclasts
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Sizes in order of tephra?
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bombs (>64 mm), Lapili (2-64mm0 and ash (<2mm)
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What is an agglomerate
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Coarse bomb-sized tephra
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What is a tuff'?
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fine tephra particles can be welded
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What are plutons?
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all bodies of intrusive igneous rock
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What is a dike?
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that cuts across layering of rock it intrudes
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What is a sill?
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parallel to layering of rock they intrude
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What is a Laccolith?
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Parallel to layering of rock, but has a bent layers above it into a dome
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What is a volcanic pipe
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Cylindrical conduit that fed magma to vent
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What is a batholith
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large, irregularly-shaped pluton that cuts across layering of rock
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What is a stoping
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Rising magma dislodges fragments of overlying rock
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What is a xenolith
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Stopped fragment enclosed in magmatic body when it solidfies
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what is stock
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irregularly-shaped plutons, like batholiths, but smaller
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What is magmatic differentitation by fractional crystallization?
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compositional changes caused by sinking of early crystallized inerals to bottom of magma chamber
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What is Bowen's reaction series
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Sequence in which minerals crytallize from cooling magema; inerals with highest melting poitns crystallize first
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What is the composition of baslatic magma?
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50% SiO2
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What is the compostion of andestitic magma
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60% SiO2
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What is the composition of rhyolitic magma
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70% SiO2
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What is viscosity
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the ability to move. cold more viscose
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Non-explosive eruptions
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low viscosity,(basaltic)magma and low disolved-gas content
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What is a Lava fountain
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Forms when baslatic magma rises so rapidly that gas bubbles from solution(non explosive)
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What si a spatter cone
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Forms when bits of falling lava pile up beside vent(non explos)
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What is a lava tube
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Subsurface channels in pahoehoe lava flows
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What is a vesicles
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gas bubble holes preserved in solidified rock;produces rock w/vesicular texture
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What are amygdules
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vesicles filled by secondary minerals
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What is a explosive eruption
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viscous(andesitic/rhyolitic)magma with high dissolved-gas content
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what is pumice
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froth of innumber, glass-walled bubbles
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what si ash
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tiny fragments of shattered, solidified magma
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What is a eruption column
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mixture of hot gas and tephra rising rapidly into air
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what is a tephra fall
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rain of devris particles as eruption cloud drifts w/ upper winds
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what is a pyroclastic flow
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denser-than-air mixutre of hot gas and ash; fast and lethal
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What are ignimbrite
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Solidified deposit resulting from pyroclstic flow
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What is a lateral blast
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Sideways eruption
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what is a shield volcanoes
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built up of very fluid (basaltic)lava flwos; broad, dome-shaped; gentle slopes hawaii
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what is a stratovolcanoes
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emith both tephra and lava; build up steep, conical mounds; much larger than tephra cones (thiolitic)
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What are craters
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depressions near summit from which volcanic materials are ejected
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what are lava domes
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late-stage, very viscous extruded after most gas exsolved
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what are calderas
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circular, steep-walled basins
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what are resurgent domes
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due to uplife of caldera;also small tephra cones/lava flows
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what is a tephra fall
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rain of devris particles as eruption cloud drifts w/ upper winds
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what is a pyroclastic flow
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denser-than-air mixutre of hot gas and ash; fast and lethal
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What are ignimbrite
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Solidified deposit resulting from pyroclstic flow
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What is a lateral blast
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Sideways eruption
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what is a shield volcanoes
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built up of very fluid (basaltic)lava flwos; broad, dome-shaped; gentle slopes hawaii
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what is a stratovolcanoes
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emith both tephra and lava; build up steep, conical mounds; much larger than tephra cones (thiolitic)
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What are craters
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depressions near summit from which volcanic materials are ejected
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what are lava domes
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late-stage, very viscous extruded after most gas exsolved
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what are calderas
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circular, steep-walled basins
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what are resurgent domes
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due to uplife of caldera;also small tephra cones/lava flows
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what are diatremems
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volcanic pipes filled w/rubble of broke rock
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what is a fissure eruption
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extrusion of basaltic lava along elongate fractures
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what are plateau basalts
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wide, flat plains produced by lavas from fissure eruptions
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what are pillow baslats
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basalt fomred by submarine eruptions
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what are ash flows
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andestitic or ryoltic magma, destructive
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what are thermal springs
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ground water heated by hot rock in/near old magma body
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what is a geyser
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thermal spring that displays intermittent eruptions of water and steam
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what are the 5 volcanic hazards
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proclastic flows, burial and or suffocation, mudflows, tsunami, famine
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