GI Test 1 - Prohaska 2 - Macronutrients

If you eat more carbs it spares _______ breakdown.

The chemical score (essential AA content) for_______ products is higher than ____ products

PROTEIN – __-35% daily calories (essential amino acids) are recommended

Adult requirement of protein is 0._ g/kg body weight.

Biological value – chemical score and net protein utilization are terms which compare proteins based on their amino acid composition and their __________.

Nitrogen-balance

Output – 1 g of urinary nitrogen = _.__ g of protein metabolized

Immobilized patients are given IV food. Glucose is added to prevent muscle wasting, what other things is added to prevent muscle wasting?

primarily protein deficiency is called?

deficiency of both calories and proteins is called?

A child with _________ has enough calories, but not enough protein.

Timing of protein deficiency is worse during what stage?

CARBOHYDRATES – __-65% daily calories recommended

RDA – 130 g or about ____ kcal per day is a minimum

The change in blood glucose after a fixed dose compared to a reference compound is called the food's _______ ________.

Give some high and low ones.

What makes amylose and amylopectin available to be broken down and cellulose not?

Functions of fiber

Hypo__________lemic
-increased _____ acid formation
-decreased reutilization of bile acids
Promotes normal bowel function
Antitoxic properties (anticarcinogenic)
decrease in transit time
change in microbial flora
metabolism in colon
Modifies (lowers) the glycemic response (glucose and insulin)

Lowers nutrient availability-affects both digestion and absorption

beta ______ is a component of dietary fiber that has a positive affect on lowering cholesterol

What is the one negative thing with increased fiber intake?

Which artificial sweetener was found to cause bladder cancer in rats?

The artifical sweetener aspartame gets broken down into what?

What is wrong with the statement:

Clinical use of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate is a treatment option for osteoarthritis

What two particles react with Lipoprotein Lipase and where do they come from?

EFA are part of membrane phospholipids and serve as eicosanoid precursors (for example: ________ acid to arachidonic acid)

__________ acid can be converted to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 22:6 omega-3 but not very effectively. DHA may be dietary “essential

EFA or their CoA esters (linoleic acid or linoleic acid CoA) also affect gene ____________ by binding to transcription factors and nuclear receptors.

Butter and lard would tend to have a large proportion of what group of FA's?

Linoleic acid 18:2 omega-_
Linolenic acid 18:3 omega-_

Oils from evening primrose, black current, or borage contain GLA - ________ linolenic acid (18:3 omega 6). Purported to be anti-inflammatory as converted to eicosaniod analogs.

FAT – __-35% calories daily recommended

canola is popular because it is high in ______ acid

Recommendation: limit total dietary fat to less than __% daily energy intake.

Which saturated fats raise cholesterol?

Saturated fat consumption raises plasma ___________.

Cholesterol intakes above 400mg/d are not correlated with plasma cholesterol
Recommendation: limit intake <___mg/d

Saturated Fatty acids

C_-C__ no effect
C__-C__ raise cholesterol
C18 no effect

Substitution of _____________ fat (oleic acid rich foods) for saturated fat lowers total cholesterol (both LDL and HDL). Some indicate greater lowering of LDL

Isocaloric diets substituting polyunsaturated fat for saturated fat lowers plasma cholesterol both ____ and _____.

EPA (fish oil) is a competitive substrate with arachidonic acid 20:4n-6. What does this do for people with disorders?

EPA and linolenic acid (18:3n-3) act like PUFA regarding plasma cholesterol levels (HDL and LDL). What else do they lower?

Ingestion of trans fatty acids __________ plasma cholesterol.

____ Linoleic Acids have a positive impact on health: lower risk of obesity, cancer, heart disease.

T/F

There is no change in the number adipocytes from 100% to 150% body weight

When obesity occurs in childhood, what happens to adipocyte number?

When someone goes on a diet, what is first lost?

A pound of fat contains only 15% water. Thus, kcal = 454g/# x 9 kcal/g x 0.85 = ~ ______ kcal