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31 Cards in this Set
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The following are?
Inluenza H1N1 Measles Virus B. pertusis E. coli 0157:H7 Salmonella |
Re Emerging Pathogens
-ie, used to be under control Which are more likely to be Re-Emerging |
Virus>bacteria>fungi?parasite --less host assistance required, more easily adaptable to host. |
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What are 2 Emerging Pathogens
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Chikungunya Virus
Granulobacter bethesdensis in CGD When did these guys 1st appear/re-appear? |
Chikungunya first in 1960s, back in 2004 G. bethesdensis first in 2006 |
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Name some more examples of Re-Emergin Pathogens
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Enterovirus 71
Mumps virus C. diff Group A Strep Staph A |
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Where do the ReEm Paths come from (3 MOA)
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Develop Resistance: ie, XDR-TB
Decline in Vac Rates: pertusis, measles Re-assortment from another species--invade new host pops |
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What was E. Colis 0157:H7s original host?
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Cattle, jumped to peeps in 1982
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Describe Str of Influenza A
nucleic acid? H Ag? N Ag |
8 strands of (-) sense ssRNA
--HA has 16 subtypes ===major surface glycoprotein spike. Viral Entry--binds sialic acid -Neuraminidase has 9 subtypes -2nd surface glycoportein spike. Virion release |
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What results in an altered Serotype of a specific strain?
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Antigenic DRIFT
-selection pressure created by Abs. -Drift occurs mostly in mammalian hosts |
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Antigenic Shift?
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Wholesale changes in gene segments
-Infecton of a host with 2 SEPARATE influenza strains to construct a new virus What specieas are good vessels for SHIFT |
Ducks and Pigs |
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What was age group most affected by H1N1
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5-24 years
-Still, either the elderly or the very young are the ones who typically died due to it |
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What Path meets criteria for eradication--humans are ONLY resevoir
With vaccine? |
Measles Virus (M of MMR vac)
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What are criteria for eradication in general?
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humans are critical for transmission
-sensitive and speific diagnostic tools exist -effective intervention is available |
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MEasles today
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9 countries have no indiginous measles in last 5 years
-Still high death rates in countries with Low vac rates---sub-saharan africa - What other Virus was added to list of Re Emergin Paths in US |
Mumps |
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What are Sx of Measles Virus?
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Sx: Prodromal Fever, cough ,coryza, conjunctivitis. Maculopapular Rash
--deaths due to increased susceptibility to 2nd Path Dz--MV-Induced Immunosuppresion --don't wory about these above/below --Respirartory Droplet Transmission |
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Which has periodic epidemics or outbreaks every 3 to 5 years. in 2009 17K reported in US
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Pertussis/ Whooping Cough
--Institutional Outbreaks Common--schools--hospitals Where was recent outbreak with 8K cases of pertussis? |
2010 in California -10 infant deaths the most cases reported in 63 years |
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What was the last really big E Coli outbreak?
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Spinach in 2006
-26 states, 3 confirmed deaths, infection in many |
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Where was first EHEC outbreak
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1982 in Jack in the Box
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What ReEmergin Bug has had outbreaks in 2010 in:
Alfalfa sprouts, Shell Eggs, Frozen Entres, Fruit Pulp, Frozen Rodent Feed, Red and Black Peper, water Frogs* |
Salmonella
Note: in Fuit Pulp and Frogs, it was Typhi species of Salmonella What was source of Large Salmonella outbreak in 08/09 |
Peanut Butter caused 9 deaths of 600+ infected |
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Which bug family has shown a Large Increase in Foodborne illnes in last 10 or so years?
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Vibrio
--most others show decrease in USA foodborne infections |
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Which Emerging Path was slient for 30 years after first being identified in Tanzanie in 1953?
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Chikungunya Virus
When did it break out? Where? |
Oubreak in Indian Ocean Countries in late 2004 |
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How is Chik transmittied? What is it similar to
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Chik is mosquito (aedes sp) born
--Similar to West Nile, but Sx are different What is nucleic acid of Chikungunya? |
(+) ssRNA genome Alphavirus, Togaviridae family |
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What is one Sx of Chik that makes it similar to dengue
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Name means "that which bends up": stooped posture
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Sx of chik?
Tx? |
101-104 F, headached, N&V
Myalgia, rash arthralgia --Painful inflammatio of joints rareely fatal but painful Sx last a whle NO Tx NO Vac--in development |
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What was the brand new Path in 2006?
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Granulobacter bethesdensis
-so Far ONLY seen in CGD -Chronic Granulomatous Dz--genetic Dz, NADPH defect |
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What are CGD patients especially susceptable to ?
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Catalase (+) pathogens
--bugs with oxidative bursts --Commonly get S. aureus, Nocardia, Aspergillus, Burkholderia |
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What is Family of G. bethesdensis?
Gram? Shape? Use of Family in industry? |
Acetobacteriaceae --dont usually infect humans
-Gram Neg Rod Convert ETOH to Acetic Acid--wine to vinegar |
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Where is G. bethesdensis foun
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Commonly in soil and assc w/ plants
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In Summary, what are the Re-Emerging Pathogens?
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Influenza--H5N1 avian flu
-Measles -E. Coli (EHEC)--spinach Salmonella: Peanut Butter - |
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In Summary, what are the emerging paths?
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Chikungunya virus
Granulobacter bethesdensis in CGD patients |
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No Need to Memorize, but name some New Viral Paths in past 25 years?
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Australian bat lyssavirus
Hep C and E (due to more sensitive tests) Human Herpesvirus 6&8 Parvovirus B19 |
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No Need to Memorize, but name some New Bacterial Paths in past 25 years?
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H. pylori
Borrelia burgdorferi No Need to Memorize, but name some New Prots/Parasistes Paths in past 25 years? |
Acanthamebiasis Babesia, atypical |
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What bug is termed the Potentially New West Nile Virus
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Chikungunya
--ssRNA, Aedes mosquito transmit NO vac NO Tx -Vac on way Sx like Dengue + joint pain |
