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37 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What are the components of blood and how much do they contribute to overall volume?
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Red blood cells: ~50%
Plasma: ~50% Buffy coat: ~<1% |
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What is the buffy coat?
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Leukocytes and platelets
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What are the types of leukocytes and how much do they contribute to overall leukocyte volume?
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Neutrophils: 50% - 70%
Eosinophils: 2% - 4% Basophils: 0.5% - 1% Lymphocytes: 25% - 45% Monocytes: 3% - 8% |
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What are the morphological categories of leukocytes and what cells are included in these categories?
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Granulocytes:
- Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils Agranulocytes: - Lymphocytes (T and B) - Monocytes |
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What are the cells of the innate immune response?
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Granulocytes:
- Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils |
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What are the cells of adaptive (specific) immunity?
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T and B lymphocytes
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What do monocytes give rise to?
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Tissue macrophages
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What is the lifespan of a RBC?
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105 - 120 days
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Where is hematopoietic tissue found?
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In the marrow of large bones
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What characteristics define a stem cell?
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Pluripotency
Self-renewal |
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What are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?
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A cell that can give rise to itself as well as all the blood lineages
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How many hematopoietic stem cells are there in bone marrow?
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1 HSC : 10,000 marrow cells
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What are the possible fates of a hematopoietic stem cell?
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Self renew
Differentiate Quiescence Death |
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Why is quiescence an important part of HSC life?
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Minimizes hazard of errors in DNA replication when dividing
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What are the niches in bone marrow that regulate HSC development and division?
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Endosteal:
- Quiescent - Self-renewing Vascular (sinusoids) - Differentiation and mobilizing |
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What stimulates HSC mobilization?
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Depletion of bone marrow progenitors and blood cells
- Injury - Bleeding - Chemotherapy |
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What is "homing" in regards to HSCs?
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The ability of an HSC to find its niche again after it has been deployed
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What is the process of "seeding the spleen?"
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When HSCs mobilize to the spleen to increase the total volume of tissue producing blood cells
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What is the role of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)?
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Mobilizes HSCs for the purpose of HSC transplatation
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What is a therapeutic role of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)?
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Stimulates hematopoiesis after chemotherapy
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What are two ways to investigate hematopoietic differentiation?
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Colony assays
Flow cytometry with monoclonal antibody technology |
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Describe the steps for a colony assay
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1.Hematopoietic tissue is collected and arranged in a single suspension
2. Cells are sparsely plated on a semi-solid, mobility hindering medium 3. The medium is enriched with growth factors and nutrients to stimulate growth and differentiation 4. Colonies of similar cells form next to each other in the medium |
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What are examples of colony stimulating growth factors?
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Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
Macrophate-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) GM-CSF (granulocytes and macrophages) IL-3 |
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What kinds of molecules are growth factors?
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Glycopeptides that bind to specific cell surface receptors
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What are the two main multipotential cells derived from HSCs?
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Lymphoid cells
- Give rise to lymphocytes and NK cells Myloid - Granulocytes - Monocytes - RBC - Platelets |
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What is erythropoietin (Epo) ?
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Lineage-specific growth factor that increases the amount of RBC differentiation
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What is the site of fetal hematopoiesis?
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Fetal liver
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How does hypoxia lead to RBC production?
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Hypoxia sensed by kidney cells and stimulates erythropoietin secretion
Epo prevents apoptosis of erythroid progenitors that survive and differentiate into RBCs |
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Where is the erythropoietin receptor expressed?
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Erythroid (red cell) progenitors
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What kind of signal transduction pathway does Epo elicit?
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Tyrosine kinase
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What cells secrete hematopoietic growth factors and in response to what?
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Macrophages
Endothelial cells Fibroblasts Secretion is elicited by activated T-cells and macrophages that have contacted antigen |
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How are specific cells sorted in flow cytometry?
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Fluorescent conjugates bound to each monoclonal antibody are sorted by laser
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How are cell fate decisions in hematopoietic progenitors made?
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Hypothesis: Binary decisions made by a small imbalance in levels of antagonistic transcription factors
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From where and when do HSC develop?
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Embryologically, yolk sac, placenta, AGM
Develop from endothelial cells lining the walls of large vessels in the embryo Migrate to the fetal liver to undergo expansion |
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Where are embryonic stem cells found?
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Inner cell mass of the blastocyst
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How do embryonic stem cells differ from HSCs?
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Embryonic stem cells can divide constantly, have an infinite renewal capacity, and are totipotent
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What are induced pluripotency stem cells (iPS)?
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Pluripotent stem cells derived from somatic cells that have been reprogrammed
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