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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the first lines of defense against infection?
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Physical barriers (epithelium)
- Skin - Mucuous Chemical - Lysozyme - Low pH of stomach Normal flora - Compete with invaders |
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What are the two basic divisions to defense against pathogens?
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Soluble
Cellular |
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What are collectins and where are they found?
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Part of the soluble defense found in serum and mucus
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What is the general structure of collectins?
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"Col" - collagen helix
"Lectin" - sugar-binding domain (x2) |
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What happens with a collectin deficiency?
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Increased susceptibility to infection and disease
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What do collectins do?
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Bind microbes via carbohydrate receptors
Opsonizes pathogens Activate complement |
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What is "opsonization?"
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Making microbes more appetizing to phagocytes by attaching molecular handles to them
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What is complement?
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A series of 11 proteins in the serum that undergo a protease cleavage cascade to either:
- Stimulate inflammation - Opsonize pathogen - Kill pathogen |
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What are the three major ways of activating complement?
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Innate:
- Lectin pathway - Alternative pathway Adaptive: - Classical |
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Describe the lectin pathway of complement activation (mechanism)
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1. Collectins bind microbe
2. Proteases recruited to cleave early complement components and start cascade |
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Describe the alternative pathway of complement activation (mechanism)
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1. Since 3rd component of complement spontaneously hydrolyzes and is inactivated, C3b must bind microbe
2. C3b activated and recruits more complement activation |
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Describe the classical pathway of complement activation (mechanism)
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1. Antibody binds microbe and initiates complement cascade
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After when in the complement cascade are all three pathways identical?
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C3
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What happens when a complement component is cleaved?
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Cleaved into two parts:
- Cxa: soluble, inflammatory - Cxb: binds microbe surface |
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What does C3a do?
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Inflammatory response
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What does C3b do?
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Opsonizes pathogen
Punches pores in the cell leading to lysis |
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What does C5a do?
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Inflammatory response
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What do the later complement components do?
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Generally lead to lysis of the cell
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What are TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs?
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Receptors of the innate immune response
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Where are TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs found?
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TLR - Cell surface of endosomes and phagosomes
NLR - Cytososl RLR - Cytosol |
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How does the innate immune response accomplish broad detection with so few sensors?
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Notice that:
- Cells are different than mammalian cells - Have characteristics shared by a variety of microbes and are different than the host |
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By what immune response are RNA viruses in endocytic vacuoles recognized
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TLR3
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By what immune response are RNA viruses in the cytosol recognized?
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RLRs
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What to TLR3 and RLRs do when they encounter dsRNA from viruses?
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Express IFN-1
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What does IFN-1 do?
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Antiviral when there's dsRNA present:
- Interferes with virus reproduction via PKR, oligo A-synthetase, MX) - Stimulates NK cells |
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What condition is IFN-1 used to treat?
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Chronic viral hepatitis
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What are macrophages and what do they do?
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Leukocytes:
- Phagocytosis of microbes and debris - Produce inflammatory mediators |
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What is the reticuloendothelial system?
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Mononuclear phagocyte system
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What sites in the body have the most reticuloendothelial cells and why?
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Liver
Spleen Bone marrow These all filter blood |
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What is bacteremia?
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Circulating bacteria
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What do mast cells do?
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Landmines that degranulate histamine with trauma and in immune responses
Also produce cytokines |
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What are monocytes and what do they do?
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Circulating patrollers that are drawn to sites of inflammation and differentiate into macrophages
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What do neutrophils do?
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Phagocytic granulocyte that kill bacteria by:
- Highly reactive O2 species - Toxic granules |
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What do eosinophils do?
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Kill parasites
Allergies |
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What do basophils do?
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Allergies (?)
~ Mast cells |
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What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
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Heat
Redness Pain Swelling (Pus if bacterial) (Loss of function) |
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What is the modern definition of inflammation?
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A response to injury of vascularized tissues whereby fluid and blood cells accumulate
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What are the basic threats from an injury?
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Bleeding
Infection Cell death |
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What are the purposes of inflammation?
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Destroy and wall off injurious agents
Remove casualties Repair damage |
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How long can infection last?
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As long as is needed to eliminate the cause and repair damage
Acute: hours/days Chronic: weeks/years or persistent |
