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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the potential outcomes of acute inflammation?
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Resolution
Abscess Regeneration / scarring Chronic inflammation |
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What is the definition of chronic inflammation?
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Inflammation with a prolonged duration (lasting weeks to years)
Simultaneous exhibition of active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair |
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Why does chronic inflammation develop?
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Stimulus, either injury or infection, persists
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What are the predominant cells in chronic inflammation?
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Mononuclear cells (especially macrophages)
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How does the recruitment of immune cells switch from acute to chronic inflammation and why?
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Neutrophils to macrophages
Neutrophils are end-stage cells (only last 24 hours) |
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What contributes to mononuclear infiltrate?
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Continuing recruitment of monocytes through activated endothelium
Proliferation of macrophages at the sites of inflammation |
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How is cellular infiltrate organized in chronic inflammation?
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Most frequent:
- Evenly spread through connective tissue (typically macrophages) Less frequent: - Granulomas: tightly clustered macrophages |
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What shapes can granulomas assume?
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Tightly clustered epithelioid macrophage
Giant cell of fused macrophages |
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Why do granulomas form?
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In response to materials that are hard to eliminate
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What are the two types of granulomas that form and what are their stimuli?
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Nonimmune
- Form from a foreign body Immune - Form in response to microbes like TB and fungus |
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What type of necrosis do TB granulomas normally undergo?
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Central necrosis / caseous necrosis
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What is the function of a granuloma?
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Attempts to contain the difficult agent by destroying it or walling it off
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How do tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy indicate the benefit of granulomas?
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In tuberculoid leprosy, granulomas form and there are few bacteria
In lepromatous leprosy, granulomas don't form and there is a large amount of bacteria |
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What is granulation tissue?
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Proliferating fibroblasts + new blood vessels + macrophages
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What is a pannus?
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Granulation tissue into a joint
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What is the process by which the body removes and replaces the damaged cells with granulation tissue?
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Organizing
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What is an abscess?
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Collection of puss in a newly formed cavity
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How is an abscess categorized in terms of inflammation?
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Begins as acute inflammation
Becomes a mixed picture of acute and chronic inflammation |
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Why do abscesses typically form?
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In response to bacteria or certain microbes
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What are the potential outcomes of an abscess?
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Sterilize and resorb to heal or scar
Enlarge (if infection continues) Create a fistula that erodes and drains to a surface or body cavity |
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What is an ulcer?
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A poorly healing gap in a surface lined by granulation tissue
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What distinguishes an acute ulcer from a chronic ulcer?
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Acute: Similar to an abscess
Chronic: - More fibroblasts - Scarring - Mononuclear cells - Vessels |
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How do adhesions form?
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Inflammation at serosal surfaces leak fluid and if fibrinogen is present, it can be cleaved and polymerze
Can knit two adjacent serosal surfaces together |
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What are the pros and cons of adhesions?
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Pros:
- Limit fluid acumulation Cons: constrict organ movement and cause disease |
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Is rheumatoid arthritis acute or chronic?
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Chronic
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