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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the key properties of the external ear that assist with hearing?
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Broadly resonant (1-3 kHz)
Localization via spectral shaping (shape of outer ear differentiates sounds from different origins) |
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What is impedance matching and where does it take place?
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Takes place in middle ear via ossicles, which convert movement of large tympanic membrane to smaller oval window, which increases force
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What does the stapedius do?
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pulls stapes away from oval window, reducing impedance
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What does the tensor tympani do?
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stiffens tympanic membrane
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What are the 3 chambers of the inner ear? What do they contain? What do they connect to?
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Scala vestibuli - perilymph - oval window
Scala media - endolymph Scala tympani - perilymph - round window |
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What is the role of the stria vascularis?
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produce K+ rich endolymph
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Describe how the inner hair cells work
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basilar membrane and tectorial membrane move with waves of fluid, creating shearing force that deflect hair cells towards kinocilium
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What is the significance of the tip-linked channels?
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when hair cells deflect, tip-linked channels open, causing influx of potassium and depolarization
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What is the role of the outer hair cells?
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efferent activity can shorten or lengthen these cells, modulating shearing force and sharping tuning of inner ear
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Describe how the tonotopic code works
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basilar membrane widens out towards the apex, separates out high pitched sounds (towards oval window) and low pitched sounds (towards the apex)
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What is frequency following and the volley code?
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neurons can match frequency of sound with frequency of APs at low frequencies; higher frequencies require group of neurons - volley code
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What is the central auditory path?
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spiral ganglion - ventral cochlear nucleus - superior olive - inferior colliculus - medial geniculate nucleus - Heschel's gyrus (after ventral cochlear nucleus, nuclei receive info from both ears)
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Where does auditory information travel from Heschel's gyrus?
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to supramarginal and angular gyri (Wernicke's) and then to pars opercularis and triangularis (Broca's)
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How is tonotopic organization represented in Heschel's gyrus?
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High pitches buried deep in Heschel's gyrus
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What is the role of the medial superior olive in sound localization?
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Able to localize low frequency sounds based on difference in time that sound hits ear; relies on "coincidence neurons"
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What is the role of the lateral superior olive in sound localization?
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shadow effect of head leads to different intensities of HIGH-pitched sounds in ears - processed in lateral superior olive
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What are the key auditory effect systems? Where do they originate and what do they control?
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Auditory association cortex and primary auditory cortex synapse back on central auditory path to affect outer hair cell function
reticular formation hits facial motor nucleus and trigeminal motor nucleus for stapedius and tensor tympani function |
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What structures are involved in the acoustic startle reflex?
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lateral lemniscus and the reticulospinal tract
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What are the major components of energy expenditure?
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Basal metabolic rate ~65%
Thermic effect of food ~10% Physical activity level ~25% (variable) |
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What is the short-term orexigneic GI signal?
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Ghrelin, from stomach
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What are the short-term anorexigenic GI signals?
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Amylin, from pancreas
CCK, from duodenum GLP-1, from small intestine PYY, from distal small intestine |
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What is the major long-term adipose signal and what does it cause?
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Leptin, indicates well-fed state, decreases hunger and increases energy expenditure functions
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What two centers exist in the hypothalamus related to food intake?
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Ventromedial hypothalamus - satiety center
Lateral hypothalamus - hunger center |
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Leptin acts on what part of the hypothalamus?
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Arcuate nucleus
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What are the central signals that reduce food intake?
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POMC (-->alpha-MSH)
CART |
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What are the central signals that increase food intake (default program)?
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Neuropeptide Y
AgRP (inhibits alpha-MSH function) |
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Describe the 3 phases of respiration
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Inspiration (I): phrenic nerve activity, diaphragm depresses
Early expiration (E1): some phrenic activity to slow expiration, improve gas exchange Late expiration (E2): intercostal muscles active to force air out of lungs as elastic recoil of lungs diminishes |
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What are the 3 major anatomical structures in charge of respiration and what are their functions?
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Dorsal respiratory nucleus (in nucleus of solitary tract): receives afferent input from lungs
Ventral respiratory column: houses pattern generators and premotor neurons Pontine respiratory group: coordinates respiration with other systems and higher brain functions |
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What is the function of the retrotrapezoid nucleus?
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central chemoreception
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What is the function of the parafacial respiratory group? The pre-Botzinger complex?
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Parafacial respiratory group: expiratory rhythm generation
Pre-Botzinger complex: inspiratory rhythm generation |
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What is the function of the Botzinger complex? (caudal to facial nucleus)
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respiratory pattern formation
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What is the function of the rostral ventral respiratory group? The caudal ventral respiratory group?
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Rostral ventral respiratory group: inspiratory premotor neurons
Caudal ventral respiratory group: expiratory premotor neurons |
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What do the slowly adapting stretch receptors (SASR) of the lung do?
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coordinate Breuer-Hering reflexes, terminating inspiration and inhibit parasympathetic nuclei
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What do the rapidly adapting stretch receptors (RASR) of the lung do?
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Facilitate cough, respond to inhaled irritants
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What do the C-fibers of the lung do?
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protective, shallow breathing in response to irritants
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What does the rostral ventrolateral medulla do?
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tonically excites sympathetic neurons
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What does the caudal ventrolateral medulla do?
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inhibits rostral ventrolateral medulla in baroreflex pathway
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What does the nucleus of the solitary tract do?
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activate nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (parasympathetic motoneurons)
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Describe the baroreceptor reflex
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activation of NTS, which activates CVLM (which inhibits RVLM) and stimulates parasympathetic nuclei
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Describe the arterial chemoreceptor reflex
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activation of NTS, whcih activates RVLM and parasympathetic nuclei
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What are the 3 pillars that determine bodily function in response to behavioral state?
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Neuroendocrine system
Autonomic nervous system skeletomotor system |
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How would you describe the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and emotion?
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reciprocal, feedback-driven
bodily responses feedback on cognitive processes |
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Where are the centers for confrontational defense housed? (ANS)
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rostral portion of dorsolateral and lateral periaqueductal grey
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Where are the centers for flight housed? (ANS)
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caudal portion of the dorsolateral and lateral periaqueductal grey
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Where are the centers for freeze housed? (ANS)
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ventrolateral periaqueductal grey
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What is the function of the amygdala in the processing of emotional stimuli? (ANS)
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Amygdala receives info from hippocampus, thalamus, and association cortices and projects all over cortex, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey
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What is special about circumventricular organs?
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Outside blood-brain barrier, monitor signals traveling within the blood
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What are the 4 functional columns of the hypothalamus? (ANS)
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Neuroendocrine motor zone
Circadian rhythm network Pattern generating network Behavior control column |
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What are the key characteristics of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the hypothalamus?
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important for integration of autonomic and endocrine functions
has 2 outflows: autonomic nuclei and neurohypophysis |
