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97 Cards in this Set
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Late middle eastern kingdoms
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Phoenicians, Hebrews, Assyrians, & Chaldeans
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Semitic group that settled along the eastern Mediterranean (where the Egyptians and Hittites fought); Mix of the Canaanites & the “Sea People”
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Phoenicians
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a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory; eventually integrated with the Canaanites
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The "Sea Peoples"
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Why were the Phoenicians able to become so influential in trade?
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Their superior ship building abilities
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List two Phoenician city-states
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Byblos & Tyre
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List two Phoenician colonies
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Carthage & Utica
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A colony of Tyre (a Phoenician city-state) located in Italy near Rome
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Carthage
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Which late middle-eastern kingdom had very unique religious views compared to others at the time?
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The Hebrews
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Claim to be descendents of Abraham—originally from Ur and travelled to Canaan (Palestine). A drought causes the people to move to Egypt
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The Hebrews
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First king of Israel
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Saul
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King the helps defeat the Philistines; after Saul
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David
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The capital of Israel during the reign of Solomon
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Jerusalem
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Son of David
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Solomon
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List two things Solomon did to make the lives of the Israelites easier.
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Built temples in Jerusalem and developed new trade partnerships
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Israel split and became which two cities?
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Israel and Judah
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The capital of Israel
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Samaria (tribalists)
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The capital of judah
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Judah (monarchists)
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Semitic people living in Northern Mesopotamians who developed one of the strongest militaries of the time due to their iron smelting (steel) abilities
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Assyrians
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Assyrians had a __________ philosophy.
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Legalist
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What was the biggest mistake the Assyrians made?
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Rebuilding Babylon, because they feared Marduk taking revenge on them
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The ancient Tribes of Israel that disappeared from the Biblical account after the Kingdom of Israel was destroyed, enslaved and exiled by ancient Assyria.
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The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel
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List two ways the Assyrians were able to maintain their empire for as long as they did
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Brute force and Mixing with the cultures
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Why did the Samaritans and Hebrews split?
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Because of their differences in their beliefs concerning sacrifice.
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List two reasons why the Samaritans were weakened after 600 BCE
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Unpopularity and Lack of military funds
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Who forces the Assyrians out of Babylon?
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Chaldeans
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Capital of Babylon
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Nineveh
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refers to Babylonia under the rule of the 11th ("Chaldean") dynasty, notably including the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II.
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“Neo-Babylonian”
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king of Hebrew Babylonian captivity; destroys the Jewish temple in Jerusalem and forces the kings of Judah to relocate to th ecity of Babylon
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Nebuchadnezzar II
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the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to an individual named Zoroaster (or Zarathustra - Persian), after whom the religion is named, includes the worship of Ahura Mazda and exalted by Zoroaster (Zarathustra) as the supreme divine authority.
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Zoroastrianism
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Ancient Iranian prophet and religious poet
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Zarathustra
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Divinity exalted by Zoroaster as the one uncreated Creator.
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Ahura Mazda
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Name of Zoroastrianism's hypostasis of the "destructive spirit"
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Angra Mainyu
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Forged by Cyrus the Great, this empire was the successor state of the Median Empire, ruling over significant portions of what would become Greater Iran
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Achaemenids
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An Achaemenid ruler and the founder of the Great Persian Empire
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Cyrus the Great
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A Zoroastrian Persian Shahanshah (Great King) of Persia who was able to not only maintain the empire established by Cyrus the Great, but extend it in all directions.
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Darius the Great
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The name given to the governors of the provinces of ancient Median and Persian empires, including the Achaemenid Empire
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Satraps
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The ceremonial capital of the Persian Empire during the Achaemenid dynasty.
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Persepolis
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An ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Darius the Great of the Achaemenid Empire in the 5th century BC. Darius built the road to facilitate rapid communication throughout his very large empire from Susa to Sardis
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Royal Road
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Unreadable script, pictographic in nature. (Minoan writing)
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Linear A
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King of Minoan Crete
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King Minos
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Elaborate palace complex on the island of Minoa
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Knossos
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List two disadvantages of the Minoan Crete civilization
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No where to expand (surrounded by water) and lacked the ability to grow a lot of grain (relied on trade and sea travel)
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Expert sea travelers, and high profile mercantile people who became known for their advanced domestic structures and emphasis on leisure activities.
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Minoan Crete
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List three leisure activities of the Minoans
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Boxing, Bulling Jumping, and Art for art's sake
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Describe the Minoan religion
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polytheistic dominated by females, devoted to goddesses and fertility, no male priests--only priestesses
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Minoan goddess devoted to protecting animals and nature
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The Mother Goddess
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Minoan goddess devoted to the home and sometimes takes the form of a dove
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The Snake Goddess
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An aggressive and warlike Indo-European group that grew to be very strong the last 150 years of the Minoan height
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Mycenaeans
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A script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek, an early form of Greek. It predated the Greek alphabet by several centuries and seems to have died out with the fall of Mycenaean civilization
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Linear B
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List two indications of the Mycenaeans warlike society
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Heavily fortified cities and their burials sites including weapons from the deceased.(third-warrior aristocracy)
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According to the Mycenaeans, this event led to economic collapse and their ultimate decline. However, zero archeological evidence supports this
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The Dorian Invasion
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A period of Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of Mycenaean civilization that is described as having no technological advancement, no government, and no writing. Zero progress.
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Greek Dark Ages
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Two cities of Greek migration--post "Dark Age"
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Attica and Ionia
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A new political government that replaced kinship/clan ties and focused on independent, autonomous, city-states
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Polis
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List the cultural value and significance of Homer's Epics
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1. Uses Phoenician alphabet and shows the emergence of the Greek writing tradition
2. Provide examples and the image of the ideal Greek 3. Tells us about important events the occured during the Greek Dark Ages 4.Tells us a lot about Greek mythology |
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Only historical record of the Greek Dark Ages
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Homer's Epics
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A new form of Greek warfare that made the military more accessible to more people
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Hoplite
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Greek military formation that involved the Hoplite and his shield; interwoven with each other and move in unison
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Phalanx
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Four direct results of the colonization (cash crop economy) of Greece
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1. Supports a larger population
2. Allows port cities (Athens) to grow incredibly rich and powerful 3. Allows for the emergence of a new class: merchant/artisan class 4. Tyranny |
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Seizes the control of a city-state illegally
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Tyrant
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To rule by a few, led by an aristocracy
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Oligarchy
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These two groups made up the majority of Sparta
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The Helots and The Pereoikoi
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Spartan slaves
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Helots
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Lived in surrounding farmland of Sparta. Had civil rights, but were not considered citizens and had no political rights
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The Pereoikoi
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One part of the Spartan oligarchy that consisted of five ruling aristocrats
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College of Five
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One part of the Spartan oligarchy that consisted of the two old kings and 28 aristocrats who served for a year
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Counsel of Elders
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An assembly of other city-states with the goal of stopping the Persians from overtaking Greece
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Peloponnesian League
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Made up the Athenian oligarchy; each were appointed by a counsel of elders
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Archons
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After angering much of the Athenian peasentry from being tricked into debt then sold into slavery, Athenian archons decide to appoint this man to become the first solitary archon, in fear of the peasentry will invoke a tyranny.
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Solon
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List a few reforms Solon establishes
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1. Cancels all farm debt
2. Makes it illegal for Athenians to be sold into slavery because of unpaid debt 3. Opens up government positions to some “non-aristocrats” 4. Creates a new civil court with a jury made up of people from all social levels of Athens |
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Tyrant who took over Athens who supported a mercantile economy and was popular among the merchants and middle class
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Pisistrates
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An Athenian tyrant who attempted to make the political system more egalitarian and give the peasantry more voice in Athenian government; he created the Assembly and Council of 500
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Cleisthenes
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Consisted of 10 Athenian tribes who each elected 50 representatives to discuss decisions and issues with the Athenian Assembly
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Concil of 500
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Consisted of every male Athenian citizen
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The Assembly
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Why did the Athenian navy grow to be so powerful?
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They introduced a new battleship--Triremes
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This type of battleship has three rows of oars on each side, (as opposed to two rows) manned with one man per oar.
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Trireme
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A shard of pottery used as a voting ballot, became more prevalent as a means of weeding out spies
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Ostrakon
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An alliance of city states whose intent was to cross the Aegean Sea and chase the Persians as far away from Greek territory as possible
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The Delian League
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What two things did members of the Delian league have to supply Athens?
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Troops and Tribute
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Why did Athens not want city states to withdraw from the Delian league?
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The money from the League allowed Athens to rebuild, grow, and expand. If that money was taken away, their progress and cultural climax might be compromised.
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A leader of Athens who advocated for a radical democracy and used the system of ostracism to rule for 40 years in a row
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Pericles
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List two radical changes Pericles introduced to Athenian government
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Government positions became paid positions, and were no longer limited to the upper class
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What was the initial cause of the Peloponnesian War?
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Greek city states were not comfortable with the radical democracy emerging in Athens and furthermore did NOT want to continue paying the Delian League tributes any longer. Under the lead of Sparta, other city states join the Peloponnesian League and challenge Athens; their ultimate goal was to get out of Delian League and stop paying tribute.
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What was the significance of the Peloponnesian War?
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It allowed the Macedonians to strengthen behind the scenes and weakened the Greek city states, which allowed Alexander the Great to march south and conquer all of Greece
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Religious events dedicated to the 12 chief deities of Mount Olympus
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Olympics
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Predict your fate, or tell you how to work your fate out
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Oracles
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Most famous Oracle
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Oracle at Delphi--the Oracle of Apollo
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Introduces the study of history, the investigation of the past, however, he would rather tell a good story than the truth
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Heroditus
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Another Greek historian who provided a much more balanced acount of the Peloponnesian War
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Thucydides
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This form of entertainment intended to educate Greeks about their history, culture, morals and defined ideals of what it meant to be a Greek man
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Tragedies
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This form of Greek entertainment was meant to critique society and was used as social and political satire
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Comedies
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Aristotle describes this as the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency; to the Greek, it was an attribute of beauty
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The Golden Mean
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a 4 to 7 meter (13-21 feet) long pike introduced by Philip II of Macedon and was used in the traditional Greek phalanx formation
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Sarissa
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Two weapons that greatly influenced Phillip II victories over the Peloponnesian Peninsula
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The Sarissa and the Catapult
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A strategic coastal base on the Mediterranean Sea, that proved a difficult siege for Alexander the Great in 332 BCE during his campaign against the Persians.
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Tyre
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The spread of ancient Greek culture following the campaigns of Alexander the Great; elements of Greek origin in various forms and degrees are combined with local elements
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Hellenism
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List two Hellenistic empires
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Seleucids and Antigonid
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