HIST 1005 2nd Quiz

-558-330 BCE
-powerful, rich state.
-big cities -> more resources.

-522-486 BCE
-ruled Medes/Persians
-brought 3 major urban centers under one state (Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Indus Valley).
-secret police (spies) to make sure the state is functioning according to the central government
-first to use money, standardize metals (gold, silver)
-legal codification
-built roads, inns, and postal service.

-558 BCE- organized a rebellion
-rallied people to compete with Medes
-fortress city, Pasargada
-established a kingdom
-530 BCE dies.
-leader of persians.

-military state
-Helots- conquered people outside of Sparta. Not slaves, not free. Subjects of Spartans.
-free adult men of Sparta were equals
-importance was in military power and abilities, not wealth
-boys join military at 7 until 30. After 30, still in military but can marry and have families.
-military used all the time

-oligarchy
-free adult males -> mostly land owners qualify as citizens, not women, foreigners, or slaves
-600 BCE- ruled by Solon. thought slaves should be allowed to have slate wiped clean. everyone should have voice in gov. -> start of democracy.
-440 BCE- ruled by Pericles
-acropolis built
-at this time, 400 settlements across Med. Sea, but won't come together to form an empire.

-500-479 BCE
-Greek state clashing with Persians
-Greeks didn't want to be under Persian rule because didn't want to lost trade routes and wealth.

-431-400 BCE
-competition between greek city-states.
-Spartans win.

-360 BCE- builds big army and overthrows local tribes
-359 BCE- king of Macedonians
-for 20 years, campaign against city-states. won't unite, so Philip easily brings them under rule.
336 BCE- death.

336 BCE- 20 y.o.
-quick and effective campaign over Achaeminid empire
-3 years later, conquers Anatolia
-332 BCE- conquers south to Syria and Palestine
-331 BCE- conquers East to Mesopotamia and capitals of Achaeminid empire. Moves past Indus Valley and receives resistance from local kings
-troops are tired, so move back, but dies in 323 BCE.

-story about Prince Siddhartha Gautama.
-4 noble truths: 1. suffering, 2. desire, 3. rid of desire, 4. follow "Middle" path= 8 fold path. Don't go to extremes.
-anybody can achieve salvation
-allowed for various kingdoms to identify with each other.

321 BCE- Chandragupta Maurya
-low ranking general, overthrows government, and becomes king. conquers neighboring kingdom.
-son takes over and moves south.
280 BCE- Grandson, Ashoka. Takes over Palingas with large army. Palingas resist, and army crushed all rebellion. 100,000's of people died.
-Ashoka felt something was wrong with this.
-converts to Buddhism after consulting a monk.
-becomes official religion of empire. Codified law based on Buddhism. No penalty or sacrifice allowed (which was used in Vedic religions).

-promoted idea of spiritualism being most important.
-believe everything has a soul, even plants. Won't kill anything that has a soul.
-ate fruits, berries, things from the plant, but not the plant itself.

-caste system: priests/kings/merchants/cultivators (artisans).
-jatis: like vocational group. can move up jatis.
-reinterpretation of Vedas because of Buddhism and Jainism.
-400-100 BCE- Mahabharata, Ramayana. epic poems about sanskrit speaking people and their culture.
-Atman- individual soul.
-Brahman- universal soul.
-guru- teacher, male or female.
-temple based worship
-holy trinity: Shiva(destroyer)-Vishnu(Force of ethics in world)-Brahma(creator)
-individual duty to bhakti (gods) and caste
-reincarnation- avatars.
-1st taken up by merchants
-1st to have goddesses.

300 CE- same state as Mauryan
300-500 CE- spreads west, spreads Hinduism.
-last large empire for 100's of years.
-kings convert to Hinduism
-high point of Hindu culture
-prosperous time- leisure activities. Chess, card games, races, tournaments, literature, plays.
Bollywood: romance, rich/poor theme, usually no action, music, dance
wealthy: hire actors, poor: go see plays put on by traveling actors.
Kama Sutra- shows they celebrated life.

551-479 BCE
Kong Fuzi (Confucius)
-argued that states were warring because of bad politicians.
-addressed problems of state and people in it.
-didn't deal with high philosophical ideas.
-junzi- group of people with superior ethical standing.
-curriculum provides insight into politics, religion, ethics, etc.- literature from late Zhou period for basis of religion. becomes staple in chinese education.
Ren- Kindness, Li- courteous, Xiao- family.
analects- teachings compiled by his students.

(Taoism)
Daojeping- way and virtue. (dao means "the way")
-cosmos/humanity/nature- one thing, unchanging force.
passive and active, yin yang.
Wuwei- doctrine of disengagement of worldly society. less gov is better gov.
-individualism

doctrine of disengagement of worldly society. less gov is better gov.

-323-83 BCE
-persian empire
-founded by Seleucus after the death of Alexander the Great
-started new cities and attracted Greek colonists to occupy them

-new capital made by Darius in 520 BCE
-administrative center and monument to the Achaemenid dynasty
-520-330 BCE center of the Persian empire

-son of Cyrus
-reigned 530-522 BCE
-conquered Egypt in 525 BCE and brought its wealth into Persian hands.

-247-224 BCE
-empire based in Iran that they extended to Mesopotamia.
-no centralized government but had federation of leaders in councils.
-skillful warriors
-learned to feed horses Alfalfa in winter to make them stronger and bigger

224-651 CE
-capital Ctesiphon
-"king of kings" provided strong rule from Parthia to Mesopotamia, built elaborate system of administration and founding or refurbishing numerous cities
-arab warriors killed last Sasanid ruler

-founded Soroastianism
-sometime between 1200-1000 BCE
-many early teachings have perished because the priests, magi, taught orally.
-holy book- Avesta.
-Gathas- hymns composed in honor of various deities
-Ahura Mazda, and 6 lesser gods
-Angra Mainyu- destructive spirit, hostile spirit.

-creator of all good things in Zoroastrianism.
-supreme deity
-would prevail over Angra Mainyu

persian administrators, usually members of the royal family, who governed satrapy.

221-207 BCE
-founded by Qin Shihuangdi
-marked by the first unification of China and the early construction of defensive walls.

-206 BCE- 200 CE (about 400 years)
-success rooted to Qin dynasty
-strong central state
-legalism, but also confucianism
-daoists revitalized after Qin dynasty almost wiped them out completely.
-divided into Early and Late Han
-early: pop growth, trade
-late: tension, ultimately bringing end to dynasty

-ruled 9-23 CE
-emperor of China, when a two year old boy of the Han Dynasty inherited the throne.
-in 9 CE, said that mandate of heaven had been passed from Han family to his, and he seized throne
-tried to divide land evenly between everyone, but failed. was killed in 23 CE

327-289 BCE
-principal spokesman for the Confucian school
-placed special emphasis on idea of ren (kindness)
-naively optimistic view of human nature

298-238 BCE
-believed strong social discipline was best means to bring order to society, not just kindness.
-emphasized li (courtesy)

-chinese philosophy from Zhou dynasty that called for harsh suppression of the common people.
-channeled as many people as possible to be cultivators and military men because these were the foundation of the state's strength
-harsh penalties for minor crimes

141-87 BCE
-han dynasty, emperor of china
-relied on Legalist ideas to rule
-"martial emperor"
-set up first university; taught Confucianism; graduates would then work for gov

-280 BCE- Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya.
-takes over Palinga w/ large army but Palinga resists. so ashoka crushes all rebellion, killing 100,000's people
-felt bad for what he did, talks to buddhist monk who tells him to follow buddhist life.
-buddhism becomes official religion of his empire
-writes codified law based on buddhism, written on columns around empire
-law says no death penalty or sacrifice, which is in vedic religion

321 BCE
-low ranking general
-overthrows gov and makes himself king
-conquers neighboring kingdoms

-prince who lived life of luxury in palace for 27 years
-leaves palace and sees people suffering and dying and realizes that few people live a life like his
-meets people in tavern: don't believe in caste system
-meets people in other town: follow duty to caste
-people in woods: don't do any harm to anyone.
-decides to follow the middle path, not to go to any extremes.

"song of the lord"
-Indian short poetic work drawn from the lengthy Mahabharata that was finished around 400 CE and expressed basic Hindu concepts such as karma and dharma

-Darius's successor during Persian Wars
-reigned 486-465 BCE
-didn't tolerate other cultures like Darius, instead flaunted being Persian and imposed his values on other lands.
-Mesopotamia and Egypt resented Xerxes for this, but Xerxes repressed rebellion.

-society located on Crete that influenced Mycenaeans.
-around 2000-1100 BCE
-large palace complexes
-Knossos- elaborate palace
-Linear A writing- not deciphered
-ended because: earthquakes, tsunamis from the island, Thera, exploding, and invaders from Greese attack for their wealth.

-early greek society on the Peloponese that was influenced by the Minoans; the Mycenaeans' conflict with Troy is immortalized in Homer's Odyssey.
-1600- 1100 BCE
-Linear B
-engaged in minoan trade and mining
-no centralized gov, small towns around palaces. often at war with each other

-wrote Iliad and the Odyssey
-lived mid-eighth century BCE
-Odyssey- about Odysseus as he sailed home after Trojan War
-Iliad- Greek perspective on campign by Greek Warriors against Troy

-greek for city-state
-Sparta and Athens were most important poleis
-usually worked independently without outside influence
-by 800 BCE, poleis were principal centers in Greek societies

-461-429 BCE
-most popular Athenian leader
-under Pericles, Athens became most sophisticated poleis- scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatists, artists, and architects.

470-399 BCE
-was very critical of traditional ethical teachings, outraged fellow citizens
-thought he encouraged immorality and corrupted Athenian youth, condemned to death.
-but drank potion of hemlock sap and died in company of friends

-430-347 BCE
-believed in perfect world, world of Forms or Ideas.
-our world is imperfect
-need to enter world of Forms or Ideas to understand true nature of virtue and other qualities.

-didn't agree with world of Forms or Ideas.
-nature of reality
-also wrote about biology, physics, astronomy, psychology, politics, ethics, and literature.

-Epicureans, Skeptics, and Stoics
-Epicureans- please as the greatest good.
-Skeptics- doubted possibility of certain knowledge
-Stoics- concentrate attention strictly on duties that nature demanded of them.

-helped convey Greek concepts to the expanding Romans
-deeply influence Rome, initially dominated them
-built thriving cities, had political and economic alliances between settlements
-bronze and iron goods, silver and gold jewelry
-defeated by Greeks and Celtics.

son of Aeneas, raised by a wolf with brother Remus.
-753 BCE- founded the city of Rome and established himself as the first king.

-refugee from Troy who migrated to Italy when Greek invaders destroyed his natuve land.
-twin sons were abandoned by evil uncle on Tiber River

-monarchy during early years
-7th and 6th century BCE
-paved streets, public buildings, defensive walls, and large temples
-easy access for merchants because of location on Tiber River

509 BCE- replaced last king with aristocratic republic.
-built political and civic center filled with temples and public buildings for gov business.

264-146 BCE
-war between Romans and Carthaginians
-Romans won, conquered Carthage, burned much of it to the ground, forced some 50,000 survivors into slavery.

306-337 CE
-first christian Roman emperor
-birth of christianity; became official religion.
-capital moved from Rome to Byzantium (renamed Constantinople)
-don't know if he was Christian by birth.
-built basilicas, like St. Peters
-became head of unified Christian church.

-assassinated: Tiberius- 132 BCE, Gaius- 121 BCE
-emperor of Rome
-worked to limit amount of conquered land that any individual could hold.
-little success because wealthy considered them dangerous radicals

-ruled after Marius
-83 BCE, seized Rome, killed all enemies. posted lists of people who were enemies and encourage his people to kill them.
-10,000 people murdered
-died 78 BCE

106-43 BCE
-Marcus Tullius Cicero
-Stoic values
-wrote Latin prose
-well acquainted with both classical and Hellenistic schools of thought
-wanted people to live in accordance with nature and reason

313 CE
-Constantine announced tolerance for Christianity
-no penalty for professing Christianity
-any churches seized by empire were now released

100-44 BCE
-emperor of Rome
-assassinated
-favored liveral policies and social reform
-large scale building projects to provide jobs for the poor
-

-Caesar's nephew
-27 BCE- renamed Augustus by gov
-monarchy disguised as a republic
-died 14 CE.

380 BCE
-first to use term Catholic (greek for general, universal)

381 CE
any dispute between patriarchs would be sent to Rome
-bishop of rome is the Catholic pope

431 CE
-first great rupture in church after this council.
-argued if Jesus was wholly divine, partially, half?
-those who refused to accept church, were excommunicated from Catholic, formed eastern orthodox church

-different than what we know today
-father, son, and holy spirit