histology ASN Flash Cards

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Title:	histology ASN
Description:	ASN histology
Number of Cards:	95
Save Count:	0
Author:	juliet.bottle13
Created:	2011-12-21
Tags:	asn histology
Private	No

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- Question
- Answer
- Side 3

- what is GALT and where is it found?
- gut associated lymphoid tissue
  appendix
  tonsils
  Peyers patches
  follicles
- what are the areas of the lips?
- skin
  free margin
  mucosa
- describe the skin of the lips
- keratinised squamous
  hair follicles and sebacious glands
  spiral sweat glands
- describe the free margin of the lip
- vermillon border
  no sebacious glands / hair
  tall mucosal papillae with capillaries gives red colour
- descrivbe the mucosa of the lips
- non keritanized squamous
  papillae
  mucous glands in submucosa
- what kind of epithelium is the lining of the oral cavity?
- stratified squamous
- what are the two types of epithelium lining the oral cavity?
- masticatory and lining
- descrive masticatory epithelium
- stratified keratinised squamous epithelium, keratinised depends on what type of foods eaten. lines areas involved in chewing eg tongue, hard palate, gingiva
- describe lining epithelium
- stratified squamous, non keritanized, lines parts not involved in cheing
- what is the functions of saliva?
- lubrication of the oral cavity
  high ionic content, esp calcium protects against acid demineralisation
  contains amylase for carbohydrate digestion
  contains IgA for aggultination of microbes for swallowing
  supplies growth factors to assist wound healing
  dissolves undigested molecules for taste buds
- which type of gland are usually tubular?
- mucous salivary glands
- what do the striated duct cells do to the saliva
- extract sodium actively
  secrete IgA, proteases and bicarbonates into saliva
- how is the intrinsic skeletal muscle in the tongue arranged?
- vertical, horizontal and transverse axis which frequently overlap
- what kind of mucosa is the dorsal surface covered by?
- stratified squamous keratinised
- what about the ventral surface?
- squamous stratified
- what are the two areas of the tongue?
- anterior (oral) adn posterior (pharyngeal)
- what separates the two areas of the tongue?
- sulcus terminalis
- what is in the centre of sulcus terminalis?
- foramen cecum
- what are the papillae?
- small raised projections with nerve endings, found in oral tongue
- what are the four types of papillae?
- filiform
  fungiform
  foliate
  circumvallate
- descrive filiform papillae
- conical
  tall
  ubiquitous, all over tongue, numerous
  mechanoreceptors
- describe fungiform papillae
- mushroom shaped
  all over tonge
  less numerous than filiform, interspersed with them
  thermoregulatory
  rich capillaries
- describe foliate papillae
- sensory
  very few, posterolateral tongue
  folds
- describe vallate papillae
- dome shaped with a trough around them
  von Ebners glands secrete mucous into the forrows.
  sensory
  a line in front of sulcus terminalis
- where are the tastebuds found
- not on filiform, particularly on the circum vallate, usually on lateral sides.
  also occur individually on dorsum and sides of tongue and on soft palate
- what type of secretions are von Ebner glands?
- serous - aid taste
- describe the general epithelium of GI tract?
- highly renewable, contians resident immune cells
- describe general lamina propria of GI tract?
- contains vessels, nerves, also secretes cytokines, has plasma cells which secrete IgA
- describe muscularis mucosa in GI tract
- may be interupted by glands or lymphoid tissue
- describe submucosa in GI tract
- connective tissue, nerves, vessels
- describe the muscularis propria of the GI tract?
- 2 layers, inner circular, outer longitudinal
- what is serosa?
- fibroelastic connective tissue lined with mesothelium
- what type of epithleium does the oesophagus have?
- non keratinized stratified squamous to resist abrasion
- is the oesophagus flat or folded?
- folded
- what is the musularis mucosa like in the oesophagus?
- prominent
- is the oesophagus serosa, adventitia, or both?
- both
- describe the life cycle of the eospahgus epithelial cell
- stem cell
  basal cell
  prickle cell
  squamous cell
- where are the mucous glands of the oesophagus?
- in the submucosa
- describe the stomach epithleium
- simple columnar, contains 4 different cell types
  invaginates to form gastric pits which contact with gastric glands
- what are rugae?
- submucosal folds of the stomach
- what lies above the epithelium in the stomach?
- thick mucus
- what is special about the muscularis propria of the stomach?
- it is 3 layered
- what are the epithelial cell types of the stomach?
- mucous / pitt cells
  chief/zygomatic cells
  oxyntic / parietal cells
  enteroendocrine cells
- describe mucous cells of stomach
- secrete alkaline mucous
  pale staining
- describe chief cells of stomach
- basophillic
  secrete pepsinogen
- describe oxyntic cells of stomach?
- eosinophilic
  secrete intrinsic factor
  also secrete hydrocholoric acid
  have deep invaginations - canaliculi
- describe enteroendocrine cells of stomach
- scattered, few
  secrete gut hormoes
  basal granules
- describe the gastric glands of the cardia
- mucous secreting
  short, only 1/3rd of mucosa depth
  1:1 pit to gland
  branched and coiled
- describe the gastric glands of the pylorus
- mucous secreting
  also branched, coiled
  much longer ducts
- describe gastric glands of corpus and fundus
- "oxyntic glands"
  have all 4 cell types
  pit
  isthmus
  neck
  base
  pit: pit / mucous cells
  isthmus and neck: oxyntic cells
  base: chief cells and enteroendocrine cells
- what colour do zymogenic cells stain?
- blue - basophilic
- what cells do oxyntic cells stain?
- pink - eosinophilic
- describe epithelial cell renwal in oxyntic mucosa of stomach?
- stem cells in base
  10 days to make pit cells / mucous cells - migrate to pit
  50 days to make oxyntic cells: stay in isthmus
  200 days to make chief cells: migrate to base
  EECs have separate lineage
- describe epithelial cell renewal in pyloric muscosa in stomach?
- only 2 lineages from stem cells
  pit cells
  gland cells
  EECs have different lineage
- what is the mucosal foldings of the intestines?
- of the epithelium: microvilli, brush border
  of the lamina propria; villi and intestinal crypts / crypts of lieber kuhns
- what are the submocsal foldings of the intestines?
- plicae circularis / folds of kerkring
- what is the effect of intestinal foldings?
- increased surface area for absorption
- what are the 6 types of epithleial cell in the intestine?
- enterocytes
  paneth cells
  goblet cells
  EECs
  M cells
  Brush cells
- describe an enterocyte?
- microvilli / brush border, absorptive
  columnar
- describe a goblet cel
- pale staining, secretes alklaine mucous
- describe a paneth cell
- apical eosinophilic granules (stain red)
  secrete antimicrobial peptides eg defensin
  found in the base of crypts
- descrive an EEC of the small intestine?
- basal granules
  found in base of crypts
- descrive an M cell?
- found in small intestine
  found on domes of lymphoid follicles
  allow transepithlelial antigen exchnage
  port of entry for pathogens
- describe a brush cells
- apical protusions
  chemosensory
- descrive the epithelial renewal of the intestinal cell types
- stem cells from crypts of lieber khun
  divide into transit amplifying cells
  then produce all cells
  3 days for enterocyte
  7 days for goblet cell
  15 days for paneth cell
  controlled by Wnt signalling
  stem cell niche is midcrypt in large intestine but base of crypt in small intestine
- describe lamia propria of small intestine
- blood vessels
  nerve fibres
  lymphatics: axial lacteals - lymph capillaries
  isolated and aggregate lymph nodules
- describe muscularis mucosa of small intestine
- scattered, not well characterized, though to produce local mixing actions
- what is muscularis mucosa of small intestine important in diagnosis of?
- cancer - staging
- what are the intestinal plexuses
- submucosal and myenteric
- describe submucosal plexus
- multilayere meissners plexus inner layer
  outer layer is single layered Schabadash's plexus
- what are the regional specilaisaitons of duoenum?
- brunners glands
  combat acidity from stomach
  secete alkaline mucous into crypts
  found in submucosa
- what are the regional specilaisaitons of duoenum?
- brunners glands
  combat acidity from stomach
  secete alkaline mucous into crypts
  found in submucosa
- jejunum specialisations?
- tallest villi
  no brunners glands but more goblet cells
- ileum specilisations?
- prominent immune tissue: peyers patches and M cells
  lymph nodules in lamina propria and submucosa
- jejunum specialisations?
- tallest villi
  no brunners glands but more goblet cells