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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where does all connective tissue originate from?
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embryonic mesenchyme
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where do mesenchymal cells arise from?
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embryonic mesoderm, with the exception of head mesenchyme (from neural crest cells, from embryonic ectoderm)
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what are the requirements of connective tissue?
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must consist of cells embedded within a substantial extracellular matrix
|
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what are the two types of generalized connective tissue?
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loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue |
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what are the three types of loose connective tissue?
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loose
reticular adipose |
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what are the two types of dense connective tissue?
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fibrous
elastic |
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what are the two types of fibrous dense connective tissue?
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regular
irregular |
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what are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?
|
mesenchyme
mucous connective tissue |
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what are the three types of specialized connective tissue?
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blood
bone cartilage |
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what is an example of loose connective tissue?
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fascia
|
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what does loose connective tissue do?
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surrounds and suspends vessels and nerves
underlies and supports most epithelia fills spaces between other tissues |
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what type of connective tissue functions as diffuse lymphatic tissue in GI tract and respiratory tract?
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loose connective tissue (has a high concentration of leukocytes) (located in lamina propia)
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where is reticular connective tissue mainly found?
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hemopoietic tissues (e.g. marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)
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what special fibers does reticular connective tissue contain?
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reticular fibers (type III collagen)
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what is the primary purpose of adipose tissue?
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to store chemical energy in the form of triglycerides
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what structure divides clusters of adipose cells into lobes and lobules?
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septa of collagenous connective tissue
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what surrounds individual adipocytes?
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loose network of reticular fibers
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what is the name for the layer of white adipose tissue found just beneath the skin?
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subcutaneous fat (hypodermis)
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what hormones enhance lipid mobilization in adipocytes?
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thyroid hormone
glucocorticoids pituitary hormones |
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what is dense connective tissue composed of?
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numerous collagen fibers (mainly type I) and relatively little ground substance
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what is the main type of resident cell in dense connective tissue?
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fibrocytes
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How does dense regular connective tissue appear?
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tightly packed parallel bundles of collagen fibers with a few spindle-shaped fibrocytes between them
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where is dense regular connective tissue found?
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in tendons, ligaments, periosteum, deep fascia, and some organ capsules
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how does dense irregular connective tissue appear?
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looks like a complex woven pattern
it resists tensile stress and shearing |
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While palpating the thyroid gland, what sign could be indicated by asymmetry?
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Thyroid slip
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where are two places that the relatively rare elastic connective tissue are located?
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ligamentum flavum
suspensory ligament of the penis |
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why is elastic connective tissue yellow in color?
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it has a lot of elastic fibers
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what is mesenchyme?
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the connective tissue present in embryos
|
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what is mesenchyme composed of?
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loose array of stellate cells, embedded in a watery extracellular matrix
has very few fibers |
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what is another name for mucous connective tissue?
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wharton's jelly
|
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where is wharton's jelly found?
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in the umbilical cord
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what is mucous connective tissue?
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embryonic connective tissue
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what is wharton's jelly composed of?
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jelly like matrix with large, stellate fibroblasts and some collagen fibers
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what is the matrix of wharton's jelly composed of?
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hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins
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what are the two classes of connective tissue cells?
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fixed cells and wandering cells
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what are fixed cells?
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cells that reside in the tissue where they originated
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what are wandering cells?
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immigrant cells, usually from blood or bone marrow (most differentiate while in connective tissue and become permanent residents)
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what is the predominant cell type in connective tissue proper?
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fibroblasts
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what do fibroblasts do?
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synthesize, secrete, and maintain the major components of extracellular matrix
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what do secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts contain?
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procollagen
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how do active fibroblasts appear?
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stellate shaped with a lot of RER and golgi complexes, and with a pale staining, ovoid nucleus
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what do active fibroblasts do?
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produce collagen (and other matrix components)
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how do quiescent fibroblasts appear?
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spindle shaped with a dark, elongated nucleus and few organelles
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what is another name for a quiescent fibroblast?
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fibrocyte
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what are the two types of adipose cell?
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unilocular and multilocular
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what type of adipose tissue do unilocular cells make up?
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white adipose tissue
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why is white adipose sometimes called yellow fat?
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it accumulates carotenoids in the lipid droplets, making them yellow
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what type of adipose tissue makes up nearly all of the adipose in adults?
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white adipose tissue
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what type of adipose cell makes up brown adipose tissue?
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multilocular adipocytes
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why are multilocular adipocytes "multilocular"?
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have multiple small fat droplets per cell as compared to one large fat droplet per cell
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what type of organelle is abundant in brown adipose tissue?
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mitochondria
(purpose of brown fat is to produce heat) |
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what causes the dissipation of heat in brown fat?
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uncoupling of ATP synthesis from oxidative phosphorylation
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where is brown fat accumulated in fetuses, newborns and the elderly?
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axilla, near carotid artery, near thyroid gland, around renal hilus
|
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what is the radioactive dye taken up by brown fat in PET scans?
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FDG
|
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what are pericytes derived from?
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undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
|
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which cells may retain the pluripotential role of the embryonic mesenchymal cell?
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pericytes
|
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which cells can serve in the repair and formation of new tissue in response to wounds or disease?
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pericytes
|
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what do pericytes do?
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serve in the repair and formation of new tissue in response to wounds or disease
|
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where are pericytes found?
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surrounding the endothelial cells of blood capillaries
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what are the fixed cells?
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fibroblasts
adipose cells pericytes |
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what are the wandering cells?
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macrophages
mast cells lymphocytes plasma cells neutrophils eosinophils basophils |
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what are the principal phagocytosing cells of connective tissue?
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macrophages
|
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what are common observations in macrophages?
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pseudopodia
phagocytic vesicles lysosomes residual bodies |
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what cells fuse to form foreign body giant cells?
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macrophages
|
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what do macrophages do to remove large foreign objects (splinters)?
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fuse to form foreign body giant cells (multinucleated with up to 100 nuclei)
|
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where do macrophages originate?
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bone marrow
|
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what cells differentiate into macrophages?
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monocytes
(when they migrate into tissue from the blood stream) |
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what is contained in the numerous basophilic granules of a mast cell?
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heparin
histamine eosinophil chemotactic factor leukotriene C |
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when do mast cells get their characteristic granules?
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when they migrate into connective tissue
|
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what cell's secretions can result in allergies, hypersensitivity and anaphylactic shock?
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mast cells
|
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which Ig is responsible for binding to mast cells on first contact with an allergen and then inducing degranulation of the mast cells on second contact?
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IgE
|
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What does histamine do to blood vessels?
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increases permeability of blood vessels
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what is the effect of leukotriene C?
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to induce slow contraction of smooth muscle cells
(constricts airway) |
|
how does a plasma cell appear?
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ovoid cell with extensive RER, prominent golgi apparatus, and eccetrically placed nucleus (which has characteristic clock-face appearance)
|
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what does extracellular matrix consist of?
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ground substance
(e.g. proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, extracellular fluid) fibrous proteins (e.g. collagen and elastic fibers) |
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what are glycosaminoglycans?
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long, unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units
|
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what common property of glycosaminoglycans cause them to have a high negative charge?
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they are commonly sulfated and possess uronic acid sugar
|
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what gives glycosaminoglycans the ability to resist compression?
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they attract cations, which causes their extracellular matrix to be heavily hydrated (gel-like)
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where is hyaluronic acid synthesized?
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enzymes embedded in plasma membrane of fibroblasts
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what enzyme do some bacteria and tumor cells use to degrade hyaluronic acid?
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hyaluronidase
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how are mucopolysaccharidoses classified?
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lysosomal storage diseases
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what are the four main groups of glycosaminoglycans?
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hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate heparin and heparan sulfate keratan sulfate |
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what is the effect of mucopolysaccharidoses on the heart?
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thickening of heart valves and chordae tendinae
|
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what do proteoglycans consist of?
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core protein to which glycosaminoglycans are attached
|
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what proteoglycan is a transmembrane proteoglycan connecting cell membrane to the extracellular matrix?
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syndecan
|
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what are glycoproteins?
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proteins to which short, branched oligosaccharides are covalently attached
|
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what are glycoproteins involved in?
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adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix
|
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what glycoprotein mediates the attachment of cells to the basal lamina?
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laminin
(it is found in ALL epithelial tissue) |
|
which glycoprotein mediates the attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix?
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fibronectin
(through a fibronectin receptor) |
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where is osteopontin found?
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bone (glycoprotein)
|
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where is tenascin found?
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musculoskeletal tissue
|
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what is the most abundant protein in the body?
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collagen
|
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what is the most abundant/widespread collagen?
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Type I
|
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where is Type I collagen found?
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tendons
ligaments bone organ capsules dermis loose connective tissue |
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where is Type II cartilage found?
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cartilage matrix in adults
|
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what type of cell synthesizes collagen?
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fibroblasts
|
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how is type III collagen different from Type I?
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type III is more heavily glycosylated and stains with silver
|
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where is type III collagen found?
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reticular tissues
reticular laminae underlying basal laminae loose connective tissue |
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what structure does type IV collagen form?
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sheets
|
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where is type IV collagen found?
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basal lamina of epithelial cells
external lamina of muscle cells |
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what type of collagen forms the "anchoring fibrils" which secure basal lamina to connective tissue?
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Type VII collagen
|
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what type of collagen is associated with type II?
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type IX collagen
|
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what structure does collagen have?
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triple helical with three left-handed polyproline II-like chains supercoiled in a parallel direction resulting in right-handed superhelix
|
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what are two unusual amino acids that are present in large amounts in collagen?
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hydroxyproline
hydroxylysine |
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at what stage does collagen synthesis move from RER to golgi apparatus?
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procollagen
(when the three chains are twisted together and have been twisted towards the N-terminal ends of chains) |
|
what are reticular fibers composed of?
|
type III collagen
glycoproteins |
|
what do reticular fibers do?
|
form delicate fiber networks to support hemopoietic cells, blood vessels, adipocytes, nerves and loose connective tissue
|
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why do elastic fibers stain poorly with standard ionic dyes?
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they contain few charged amino acids
|
|
what stains are used for elastic fibers in light microscopy?
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Verhoeff's stain
Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin stain |
|
what are elastic fibers composed of?
|
elastin
microfibrils |
|
what two rare amino acids cross-link individual elastin chains?
|
desmosine
isodesmosine |
|
what are microfibrils primarily composed of?
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fibrillin
(glycoprotein that organizes elastin into fibers) |
|
what is Marfan's syndrome?
|
autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder, caused by fibrillin gene defect
|
|
how much can elastic fibers stretch before breaking?
|
150% of their length
|
|
where are elastic fibers found?
|
arteries
lungs vocal ligaments ligamenta flava (wherever elastic properties are needed) |
|
what are oxytalan fibers?
|
early stages of developing elastic fibers with numerous small glycoprotein microfibrils
(still present in eye along basal lamina of epidermis) |
|
what are elaunin fibers?
|
the amorphous aggregates of elastin found along with microfibrils
(immature stage still present around sweat glands and dermis) |
|
what is the basement membrane's purpose?
|
be a boundary to prevent microbe entry
|
|
where is a basement membrane found?
|
in epithelial tissues
around muscle cells around Schwann cells in kidney glomerulus |
|
what are the two components of the basement membrane in epithelial tissues?
|
Basal lamina
Reticular lamina |
|
what type of collagen primarily composes basal lamina?
|
type IV collagen (sheets)
|
|
what is laminin?
|
glycoprotein that binds epithelial cells to the basal lamina
|
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what is perlecan associated with?
|
it is a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan associated with the basal lamina
|
|
what type of collagen fibers compose the reticular lamina?
|
type III collagen fibers (reticular fibers)
|
|
where is the reticular lamina?
|
underneath the basal lamina (not visible via light microscopy)
|
|
what causes Alport's syndrome?
|
absense or abnormality of type IV collagen
(makes up glomerular basement membrane) |
