Histology- Endocrine system (Manakova)

Products of endocrine glands which are released in the blood or tissue and have influence on organs and tissues that are far from the site of production

1. Oxytocin
2. Vasopressin (ADH)

1. Liberines:
TRH, GnRH, GRH, CRH, PRF

2. Statines:
Somatostatin, dopamine.
Influence on hormone production in adenohypophysis.

1. Unmyelinated nerve fibers with Herring bodies and granules containing ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin, neurophysin

2. Pituicytes= glial cells, (lipofuscin), and glial fibrillary acidic protein

Increase tonus and cause contraction of the uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells in the ducts of mammary gland

Increases resorption of water in collecting ducts of kidney and causes contraction of smooth muscles in small arteries--> increases BP

1. Superior hypophyseal a.- hypothalamus and pituitary gland (portal system)
2. Inferior hypophyseal a. - neurohypophysis

1. Chromofobes
2. Chromophils

Undifferentiated stem cells and follicular cells (supportive system)

1. Acidophilic: Growth hormone (GH)
2. Basophilic: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
3. Gonadotropic: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone)

Stimulate growth (anabolism) by IGF1 (somatomedin)

Growth of mammary gland and secretion of milk

Infertility, amenorhea and galactorhea3

1. Pinealocytes: production of melatonin
2. Astrocytes: supportive cells

Rhythmic secretory activity of melatonin in reaction to light (melatonin is produced in darkness)

Biological clock: regulation of circadian rhythms

Modifies function of endocrine glands

1. Colloid follicles with thyroglobulin
2. Cubic follicular cells: produce thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodotyrosine (T3)
3. Parafollicular cells:
Produce calcitonin

Stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by:
- resorption in intestine
- regulation of lipid metabolism
- growth development of CNS

Decrease plasma Ca2+ by deposit in bone and release in to urine

1. Proteosynthesis of thyroglobulin
2. Uptake of iodine from blood by active transport by iodine pump
3. Activation of iodine and its binding to tyrosine in thyreoglobulin (in follicular colloid)
4. Resorption of thyroglobulin and breaking by lysosomes---> secretion of T4 and T3

1. Chief cells
2. Oxyphilic cells (mitochondrias)

Production of parathyroid hormone which regulates Ca2+ level in blood by activation of osteoclasts in bone which release Ca2+ in the blood (antagonist of calcitonin)

1. Mineralcorticoids (aldosteron):
Stimulates resorption of Na+ in the kidneys (are stimulated by angiotensin II)
2. Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosteron):
Regulation of metabolism and immunity (are stimulated by ACTH)
2. Androgens (dehydroepiandrosteron):
Anabolic activity

Epinephrin (80%)
Norepinephrine (20%)

Reaction to stress: Increase BP, HF

Exocrine gland: Enzymes

Endocrine gland: Islets of Langerhan`s: control blood glucose level and GIT function

A- cells: Glucagon
B- cells: Insulin
D- cells: Somatostatin
F- cells: Pancretic polypeptide

Regulation of resorption and motility by different hormones:
(gastrin, secretin, GIP, cholecystokinin, motilin, VIP, serotonin, somatostatin, glucagon, substance P and ghrelin)

Cells can reach surface of they cannot. Granules are located closely to basal lamina and they are excreted into blood

Estrogens and progesteron

Androgens

HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), placental lactogen, estrogens and progesteron

Atrial natriuretic hormone

Renin

Thymosin alfa, thymopoetin, tymolin, thymic humoral factor (stimulates proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes)

Leptin and estrogens