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Main function of the immune system?
- Protect the organism agains foreign intruders from the enviroment
- Maintain homeostasis
What is the natural immunity?
The non-specific immune system
Non-specific immune function?
Rapid protection against any foreign substances - not after contact with antigen
Non-specific immune is established how?
From genetic information
3 components of non-specific immunity?
1. Soluble factors
2. Cellular immunity
3. Non-immunological mechanisms
The non-specific immune system: soluble factors?
- Lysozym
- Interferon
The non-specific immune system: cellular immunity?
- Phagocytes
- NK-cells
The non-specific immune system: Non-immunological mechanisms?
- Barries like skin or mucosal membranes
- Acidic enviroment
- Enzymes
- Ciliary epithelium
Specific immunity is established how?
After contact with antigen => Aquired
Specific immune response reaction time?
Several days
Specific immune response - immunity last for?
Many years
Components of specific immune system?
- Humoral, soluble factors - antibodies
- Cellular immunity - lymphocytes
Cells of the nonspecific immune system?
1. Professional macrophages
2. Natural Killer - cells
Professional macrophages may be?
- Macrophages (from monocytes)
- Microphages (neutrophils)
4 functions of macrophages?
1. Migrate & adhese
2. Phagocytose
3. Produce humoral factors
4. Present antigen on surface (APC)
Macrophages migrate towards?
Highest concentration of chemotaxins
4 steps of phagocytosis in macrophages?
1. Adhese
2. Ingest with pseudopodia => Phagosome created
3. Fuse with lysosomes
4. Kill microorganism with pH / enzymes (lysozyme)
Humoral factors produced by macrophages?
- Cytokines
- Interferons
When macrophages process an antigen, what happens?
Incorporate antigen in its own plasmalemma and present it for immunocompetent cells like T-lymphocytes
Which antigen must b present in order to present antigen?
MHC-antigen (Major Histocompability Complex) - so immune cells don´t attack the macrophages :)
Macrophages in liver are called?
Kuppfer cells
Macrophages in cartilage are called?
Chondro / osteoclasts
Macrophages in CNS are called?
microglia
Macrophages in joints are called?
Synovial macrophages
Macrophages in spleen/lymph nodes / bone marrow are called?
Fixed tissue macrophages
Macrophages in lugns are called?
Alveolar macrophages
Macrophages in CT are called?
Histocytes
How does NK-cells kill?
1. Bind target with receptor
2. Lyze membrane with cytolyzin
3. Target dies
When is a lymphocyte immunocomtetent?
When it carry a membrane receptor with a specific antigen
One lymphocyte can carry how many type of antigen receptors?
only one
What is an antigen?
A macromolecular biological compound:
- Protein
- Polysaccharide
- Nucleic acid
What is an epiptope?
The arrangements of atoms on antigen surface => Where immune response is directed
What is blastic transformation?
Activation of immunocompetent cells after binding of antigen
What is clonal expansion?
Proliferation of lymphocyte of specifity of same antigen after antigen encounter
What types of lymphocytes is there?
T & B
Types of T-lymphocytes?
T-helper
T-cytotoxic
T-Supressor
T-memory
T-lymphocytes develop in... and nest in?
Develop: Thymus
Nest: 2ndary lymphatic organs
Which cells are first to arrive after APC & activation?
T-helper cells
T-helper cells secrete what after APC encounter?
Interleukins - activate the other immune cells
Which mediator is essential for differentiation of B-lymphocytes to plasma cells?
Interleukins from T-helper cells
Function of T-cytotoxic cells?
With help of T-h find virus infected and cancer cells and kill them
How may a T-cytotoxic cell kill unwanted cells?
1. FasL receptor => Apoptosis
2. Perforine & granzyme B
Function of perforine & granzyme B from cytotoxic T cell?
Perforine perforate cell membrane

Granzyme B
Function of supressos-T cells?
Turns of immune response when antigen is removed
Function of T-memory cells?
Long living and remembering cells - for rapid reaction (& clonal expansion) towards same antigen that previous attacked organism
T-memory cells arise from?
Antigen activated T-cells
B-lymphocytes arise and mature where?
Bone marrow

Also mature in lymphoid tissue:
- Appendix
- Ileum
- Tonsils
B-lymphocytes can mature into?
- Plasma cells
- B-memory cells
Function of plasma cells?
Secretion of
- Antibodies
- Immunoglobulines
Plasma cells arise from?
B-lymphocytes - mitotically divided
B-memory cells nest where?
In mucosal surfaces where they wait (Camper :D) for intruders & snipe them
When B-memory cell meet an antigen, what happens?
It present it to a T-cell & clonal expansion & immune response starts against the specific antigen
5 classes of immunoglobulin? (GAMED)
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
% IgA?
75%
% IgM?
10%
Structure IgG?
Two receptors like a Y
Structure IgM?
5 receptors but decrease to 2 when activated
IgA location?
Mucosal surfaces, tears, saliva
Function IgE?
Allergic & parasitic infections
Which immunoglobulin has 2 receptors?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin has 5 receptors?
IgM
Which immunoglobulin is found in mucosa?
IgA
Which immunoglobulin react during allergic reactions?
IgE
What is important about IgD?
Nothing
HLA?
Human leukocyte antigen, same as MHC
MHC?
Major histocompability complex, same as HLA
When an organ is histocompatible it means?
That the cells are similar (surface markers fits) with your bodies HLA/MHC
If a transplanted organ is not histocompatible, what happens?
It gets rejected and attacked by your own immune cells
How may we espace graft rejection?
Transplant a so-called isograft = Genetically identical and histocompatible