History 1400

Protestant Reformation century?

Before Protestant Reformation, these papers from the pope substituted earthly penance or time in Purgatory for Christians who earned or purchased them

The catholic church lacked these people

Martin Luther, the catholic monk, wrote this book that criticized indulgences, which provided for the main beliefs of the Protestant faith.

Authority of the bible, justification by faith alone, attacks the 7 sacraments of catholics, only keeps two of sacraments: communion & baptism

The catholic ritual which turn wine and bread into the blood and body of Christ. In contrast, Protestants believe communion is only symbolism.

Because of the influence of Martin Luther, peasants protest against taxes and being treated as serfs.

This targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, were both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion. 3000 Hugenots died, and 10,000 people died in provinces during the next 6 weeks.

During the Renaissance in Europe, Newton practiced this "science", which tried to change matter into other matter (example: iron into gold)

During the 16th century, Martin Luther called for an end of these papers because this practice encouraged people to believe that sins did not have to be taken seriously but could be atoned by buying a piece of paper.

He was Louis XIII's adviser who began centralizing in 1634. He helped control Frances national debt, and made France a leading power with his successful foreign policy.

This group of people (1545-1563) began to slowly reform the Catholic church by having no more indulgences, reaffirming the sacraments, establishing seminaries, sending out Jesuits, and implementing more scripture with the catholic tradition.

Louis XIV built this palace in 1624 and since then has been a home to the next kings of France.

This reformation was an overly political move that had far reaching implications changing the relationship between Church and state forever. Henry VIII was essentially a Catholic, but one who rid himself of allegiance to the Pope and the saints and establishes the church of England as protestant.His main concern was to gain control of the Church’s vast wealth, and to ease his path with regard to his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, rather than to radically alter the way Christianity performed.

During the European Renaissance, this Italian scholar, poet, and father of humanism fostered curiosity and christian humanism.

Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Makes one of the first telescopes and discovered Jupiter's 4 moons. He said all matter is matter, and the moon is not smooth but is like the earths surface. This challenged the catholic ritual of Transubstantiation. He was condemned by catholic church.

An essay by Montaigne (1533-1592), an influential writer of the French Renaissance, and the father of modern skepticism. This essay examines cultural relativism by Montaigne saying: "It is better to eat a man dead than to eat a man alive", juxtaposing Brazilian cannibalism and Catholic communion.

During the 17th century, Newton proclaimed both Descartes deductive reasoning and Bacon's inductive reasoning is needed in logic.

A feudal system introduced by the Spanish when they conquered South and Central America. They placed Spaniards in charge of hundreds of natives and let them tax them or use them as free labor/slaves and in return they maintained order and taught them Christianity. This worked greatly in the favor of the Spanish colonists who received the trusteeship and land (an encomendado), but was little better than involuntary servitude for many native tribes.

The Renaissance centuries?

This development was a cultural an intellectual movement in the arts

During the Enlightenment (18th century), Europeans became critical of religion and acknowledged this religious philosophy which is the belief god created everything and then stepped away from his creation.

During the Enlightenment (18th century), this french philosopher, art critic, and writer authored the Encyclopedia, because he recognized the importance of knowledge and education in society.

This Italian statesman during the Italian Renaissance was a diplomat, politician and protector of scholars, artists and poets. Perhaps what he is most known for is his contribution is through the art world, giving large amounts of money to artists so they may create master works of art.

During the Enlightenment (18th century) This Scottish man authored the book titled Wealth of Nations

Machiavelli authored this book in 1532 during the Renaissance, which he says there is no place for morality in political theory. "The ends justify the means".

Rousseau authored this book during the Enlightenment, which talks about the problems of political communities in commercial societies. "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"

During the Enlightenment, this British writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.