History

Moral Biographer
Ancient Literary Source
Wrote late first century AD

Philosopher
Primary literary source
Wrote late 5th to early 4th century BC

Historian
Modern literary source in text book
Wrote in 20th century

Historian
Modern literary source
Wrote in the 20th century

Historian
Ancient literary source
Wrote at the time of the event

Dramatic playwright
Ancient literary source
wrote late 5th century to mid 4th century BC

Comic Playwright
Ancient literary source
wrote mid 4th century to early 3rd century BC

Historian
Ancient literary source
Lived in the first century BC

An orator
Ancient literary source
lived 436-338BC
Did not record history but was involved in making it

A pamphleteer
Ancient literary source
Sometime in the 5th century BC

Philosopher
Primary Literary source
429-347BC

Athenian intellectual figure fascinates with ethics
Primary literary source
Lived 469-399

o Thu 1:95:1-2
o Athens' rejection of Pausanius, followed by Dorcis and Sparta's leadership as a whole, resulting in a change in hegemon as they themselves adopted the position

o Athens' rejection of Pausanius, followed by Dorcis and Sparta's leadership as a whole, resulting in a change in hegemon as they themselves adopted the position

o Thu 1:96
o Change that was the early organisation of Delian League, with relation to Aristides' formation of the phoros and allied ship contribution schemes and the regular meetings at Delos. Also establishes one of the aims of the league: to compensate financially for their losses.

o Thu 1:96
o The change that was the early organisation of Delian League, with relation to Aristides' formation of the phoros and allied ship contribution schemes

o Change with slight movement from the league's aims as the Dolopes (pirates) were removed from the Aegean, freeing up trade

o Thu:1:98-99
o Change that was a deviation from the league's original aims and structure as Naxos was the first to lose their independence and be enslaved as part of the league's gradual change into an empire

o Decisive win that marked the end of Persian threat until the Land War. Despite the league's aims being fulfilled the league continued its operations

o Thu:1:100:2
o Change that was a deviation from the league's original aims as Athens began to campaign self-interestedly, resulting in further transitioning into an empire as allies were forced to comply

o The change that was the movement of Delian League treasury to Athens following the defeat at Egypt, a move facilitating the Athens-centric nature of the league

o Changing attitudes and discontent with Athenian leadership, during and after the Land War

o Thu:1:103:2
o The change that was the revolt of Megara from Sparta, giving Athens an initial advantage in the Land War through the occupation of the Megarid.

o The change that was Athens' building of the Long Walls making Athens virtually impregnable to siege, provided they remained masters of the sea.

o Thu:1:108:2
o A change in the balance of power as Sparta suddenly became more active in the war and gained access to Megara after winning the battle of Tenagra.

o Buckley 279-280
o Change that was Athens' acquirement of the Land Empire, the peak of their success during the Land War

o Thu 1:114
o Change in the balance of power as Athens became vulnerable to Land Invasion as a result of Megara's return to Sparta as a result of their traditional loyalty

o Buckley 280
o Athens was about to lose her empire as a result of changing circumstances regarding the helots, Megara's returning to Sparta and Athens' need to continue campaigns against the Persians and members of the Delian League.

o 1:109
o Change in the balance of power as Athens lost around 200 ships and began to realize their incapability to fight on multiple fronts.

o Buckley 128
o After the disastrous defeat in Egypt, there was a significant change in Athenian foreign policy, as Athens began to think it wise to address the revolt and Persian infiltration in the Delian league before tackling Sparta and Persia.

o Change that was the recall of Cimon (or simply his return after his ten-year ostracism) to organize a truce with Sparta and lead a campaign against Persia

o Buckley 282
o Describes briefly the change that was the introduction of an intensive imperialistic regime following the peace of Callias in 449. This was carried out through tough decrees which took a multi-faceted approach to controlling allied life

o Underpinning this campaign's religious motives, it resulted in a change in the balance of power as the Spartans stirred up the Athenians by gaining access to Central Greece and Megara

o Buckley 284
o The battle of Coroneia was a humiliating defeat, marking the change that was the end of the Land Empire

o Change that was the Thirty Year Peace, forever blunting Athens potential to pursue a land empire, as interference with Spartan allies (as according to the lists that were drafted) was forbidden.

o Buckley 285
o Pericles' ideas about foreign policy had been changed forever after this war as he never again attempted to pursue a Land Empire at risk of compromising the naval one, the source of Athens' power through phoros

o Buckley 127-128 Herodotus
o Changed the deme and tribe allowing more people a role in government. However the continuity is that the Aristocrats still retained most of the political power despite this.

o Thu 1:93:2
o The change that was the rise of the Thetes as a result of their participation in the defence of the state through the fleet.

o Buckley 242
o The change that was the removal of the Areopagus as a result of their being undemocratric, unaccountable, and ex-archons.

o Thu 1:102
o Change in the relationship between Sparta and Athens as Sparta showed her first signs of an open quarrel towards Athens, resulting in Athens' withdrawal from the dual hegemony

o Buckley 249
o Change that was the removal of the last institute of the Limited Democracy: the political conservative Cimon, hence facilitating a change in government

o Buckley 241
o The continued rule of the Areopagus since the time of Solon, who served as a threat to the radical democrats as a result of their being undemocratric, unaccountable, and ex-archons.

o Buckley 252
o Change that was an increase in the powers of the Boule to handle the responsibilities that were once the Areopagus', but in a more democratic and accountable way as part of Ephialtes' reforms in 462/1

o Buckley 248
o Change that was the Heliaea's being divided into dikasteria to support an efficient changing system with growing amounts of legal work

o Aristotle (Buckley 244)
o Continued control over the affairs of the city, public officials and the constitution since the time of Solon, resulting in their having extensive control of private citizens and being unaccountable.

o Change as responsibilities regarding the monitoring incoming and outgoing political officials was handed over to the Boule, improving accountability

o Aristotle (Buckley 244)
o Continued control over the affairs of the city, public officials and the constitution since the time of Solon, resulting in their having extensive control of private citizens and being unaccountable.

o Change as the Areopagus' pervading powers were removed and replaced with 700 domestic supervisors and 700 overseas all made accountable by the Boule as part of the radical democracy

o Continuously tried crimes against the state (treasonable crimes such as attempts to overthrow democracy) since the time of Solon.

o As the Areopagus' right to the first hearing was removed, the system changed so that the Heliaea became responsible for most trials

o The Areopagus' continued jurisdiction over religious crimes, due to Athenian superstition that Ephialtes was unwilling to challenge

o Change that was the introduction of Misthophoria (supposedly by Pericles), supporting the lower classes financially and encouraging them to participate in politics. beginning with the Heliaea, followed by the Boule in the 450s

o Buckley 250
o Representative of the change that was the diminished prestige of the Archonship

o Aristotle (Buckley 251)
o One of the final changes to the democracy as participation became limited to only those whose parents had both been Athenian citizens for the sake of preserving funds. (Unlike in the limited democracy where class determined your eligibility to participate)

o 1:99:Bottom
o Change in the allies attitude towards Athenian leadership resulting in growing Athenian power as the allies were so hesitant to face military service

o Plutarch Pericles 12
o The changes related to phoros as Pericles organized the use of surplus phoros for public works aggravating the allies and many Athenians who felt it injust

o The change that was the allies being forced to adopt the Athenians coins, weights and measures, helping us to understand Athens' multi-faceted approach to controlling their empire

o Buckley 296
o The change that was the Athenians' exploitation of their control of the clearing house at Byzantium to control the allied economies, which were reliant on imports as a means of imperial control

o Garrisons
o The widespread distribution of garrisons initially installed to protect the allies against the Persians, but their purpose later changed as they were used to maintain imperialistic control

o Cleruchies
o Plutarch Pericles, 11
o The change that was the introduction of Cleruchies, facilitating the prosperity of the Athenian lower classes whilst enforcing imperial control

o Political officials
o Aristophanes, Birds (Cloudcuckooland) (Buckley 290)
o (The mention of a ballot box in particular) Helps us to understand the role of the Episcopos, an Athenian political official sent to help install new democratic governments in the allied states whose governments were being changed to democracies as a result of imperial control.

o Meiggs and Lewis (Buckley 289)
o Helps us to understand the multiple roles of the phrourarch, who not only managed the allied garrisons, but helped establish the first Boules as the allied governments were changed to democracies

o Change that was the introduction of the Archontes to reside amongst the allies and ensure that local politics was in Athens' best interests

o Change that was the introduction of the proxenos, a benefactor of Athens who represented the interests of Athenians in their own state as a political mean of imperial control.

o Change that was the dictating of allied legal systems so as to maintain imperial control

o Change that was the introduction of oaths as a means of imperial control. The allies were forced to take and risked being stripped of their rights and properties on refusal.

o Old Oligarch (Buckley 193-194)
o The need for a fleet to forcibly maintain the empire is what facilitated the rise of thetic power, changing Athens into the only ancient civilization that gave its lower classes a political voice.

o Plutarch Pericles 31
o Change as Pericles moved into his "statesman-like" period and endured attacks on his reputation as Pheidias was accused of theft, and then impiety

o Plutarch Pericles 32
o Change as Pericles moved into his "statesman-like" period and endured attacks on his reputation as his mistress Aspasia was accused of impiety

o Plutarch 8
o Change as Pericles moved into his "statesman-like" period and endured attacks on his reputation as suspicion was cast on his associate Anaxagoras for teaching about celestial phenomena as opposed to the Gods, which was banned with the introduction of Diopethes' decree

o Plutarch Pericles 32
o Change as Pericles moved into his "statesman-like" period and endured attacks on his reputation as Dracontides passed a bill organizing for the analysis of the funds from the building plan by the prytanes

o Change that was the withdrawal of the kaloikagathoi, as a result of the demagogue's new style of politics, leading to the formation of hetaireiai and causing a later oligarchic coup

o Change that was the ostracism of Thucydides (Son of Melesias) as a result of his disagreeing with Pericles' diversion of funds from war against the Persians.

o Buckley 339
o Supposed change from conducting his politics like a demagogue, to a statesman, a division identified by Plutarch to resolve issues with divided opinions between the writings of Socrates and Thucydides

o Significant change from the times when the lower classes had no rights, as all were to be in receipt of pay

o Change as the unskilled masses could benefit from the national income, whilst further undermining aristocratic power

o Spartan Gerousia believed that Pleistoanax and Cleandridas had been bribed to withdraw the Spartan army. Buckley deems this too simple an explanation. They did not even continue attacking merely to allow Euboea time to consolidate their revolt and incite the other allies to do the same, they just stopped immediately. He believes that a deal was struck allowing Athens to continue their sea empire whilst relinquishing their Land empire permanently. This was essentially what was entailed by the thirty-year peace. Drafting up lists so that allies would remain bonded with particular sides and interference in the other power's sphere of influence was forbidden.

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Also omitted is an acknowledgement of...
• The original aims of the Delian League and a discussion of its original Athens-centric structure, which lead to its becoming an empire
• A discussion of the campaigns of the league lead by Cimon which gradually began to deviate from their aims

Also omitted is an acknowledgement of...
• the origins of democracy, stemming from the changes made by Cleisthenes and Themistocles
• the removal of Cimon and the powers of the Areopagus as catalysts for promoting change
• the changes introduced by Pericles following Ephialtes' reforms, such as the introduction of misthophoria, also facilitating the new radical democracy.

Also omitted is an acknowledgement of...
• The original Athens-centric structure of the league which facilitated its being transformed into an empire
• Any real significant indication of the advantages to Athens and the allies in the maintenance of the empire as well as the disadvantages to the allies, who had virtually become slaves
• The other decrees such as... which controlled allied life in other ways, such as through culture and the legal system

Also omitted is an acknowledgement of...
• Any real significant indication of the advantages to Athens and the allies in the maintenance of the empire as well as the disadvantages to the allies, who had virtually become slaves
• The other decrees such as... which controlled allied life in other ways, such as through culture and the legal system

Also omitted is...
• A discussion of the lessons Athens learned from the Land War, which shaped future foreign policy
• The change in the balance of power part-way through the war as Athens realized her inability to fight on multiple fronts

Also omitted is...
• an acknowledgement of the changes Pericles made to the democratic system, introducing misthophoria and the citizenship law, forging a more democratic state
• The opposition Pericles faced from Thucydides (Son of Melesias), the demagogues and the attacks on his associates as he entered his period of statesmanship
• His introduction of various imperial decrees into the allied communities, ensuring economic and political stability
• Details of his building program, which facilitating democracy, undermining the aristoi and glorifying Athens as the centre of trade and democracy.

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Message of both sources...
• Written
• Career
• Ancient/Modern
• When
• Bias/Unbiased
• Category discussed
• Contextual agreement regarding this category


• Wriggling
• Caterpillars
• Amalgamate
• When
• Big Ugly
• Cats
• Commence aggression

The moral biographer Plutarch retold events in such a way that his readers would be inspired by his subjects and hence... [SOMETHING IN THE SOUCE THAT REFLECTS THIS] With this purpose, inevitably comes bias... [SOMETHING IN THE SOURCE THAT REFLECTS THIS] Writing 400 years after the time and having not checked his sources Plutarch's writings are less reliable... [SOMETHING IN THE SOURCE THAT REFLECTS THIS]
As an ancient historian, Thucydides had more reliable historiographical methods than... [PERSON!] This explains... [EXAMPLE OF HIS OBJECTIVENESS IN CONTRAST TO OTHER SOURCE]... Hence with this balanced discussion comes less bias.
Although mostly relevant, Plutarch sometimes recounts historically irrelevant events for the sake of reader interests... [SOMETHING IN THE SOURCE THAT REFLECTS THIS]
As Thucydides' purpose was to recount the events of the Peloponnesian wars (discluding the sketchy and anachronistic Pentecontaetia) he is very relevant to an analysis of the events. [EXAMPLE]
SOURCE OMISSION!

Thucydides' People Problems

• There is a continual bias toward particular characters in Thucydides’ writings.
• He despises Cleon as he was a demagogue, and quite possibly as Cleon accused him of prodosia after Amphipolis
• He also admires Pericles’ character, and it appears that Thucydides sought to uphold his and Athens' reputation as he himself was a general for the state and thus the two are constructed as polar opposites, despite their similar policies.
• As Thucydides and Alcibiades met in exile Thucydides is overly fascinated with, and favourable of Alcibiades overstating his importance in a number of events.
HAS BIAS BEEN MIMICKED BY PLUTARCH?

The 20th century historian tends to be as reliable as the extant sources allow, with access to editing and a variety of information. This explains... [EXAMPLE OF HIS OBJECTIVENESS IN CONTRAST TO OTHER SOURCE]... He rarely accepts the views of the primary sources as fact without analysing their possible biases first... [EXAMPLE] These sources attempt to give a historically accurate and relevant discussion of the most significant people and events in Greek history... [SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE AND EVENTS DISCUSSES AND ANY CONTRASTS]

SOURCE OMISSION!