History Final

1871 - Peace treaty signed at the end of the Franco-Prussian war ... SIGN: Polarized French policy towards Germany

1918 - Introduced by Wilson, wanted to achieve eternal peace through recognition of nation and individual's rights...established League of Nations...liberal rights...France loved it

1919 - part of Treaty of Versailles, officially end WWI, it is "peace with victory". the war guilt clause establishes: Germany, and Germany alone, is responsible for starting World War I; Germany must pay all the damages for the war; Germany must sign a “blank check” to the Allied powers.

1919 - Korean students were inspired by Woodrow Wilson’s vision for self-determination; they start an uprising against the oppressive Japanese rule, classified as the March 1st Movement. Japanese police call for military backup to put down the uprising – they use brutal force against the Koreans to suppress the uprising. Violence culminates at Jeam-Ri, where Japanese police round protestors into a church, and then light it on fire, burning and killing the Koreans inside.

1919 - The nation of Poland has not existed for the past 150 years, after the Treaty of Versailles splits up the eastern European Empires, the Allied powers attempt to draw a new map based on self-determination (very difficult to do). Wilson gave Poland access to the sea, so that it would be strong enough to resist aggression by Germany and Austria; the segment to the sea split East Prussia and Germany – There were GERMANS living in the Polish Corridor, but they were now part of Poland. Violates Self-Determination, once again.

Article X of the League of Nations is a main point of contention during the ratification of US Congress; Cabot (R) opposes US joining the League based on Article X. Article X says that if peaceful negotiations fail to stop an aggressive nation, then members of the League of Nations must come to the aid of the nation that is being attacked by the aggressor. Cabot saw this as a violation of the American Constitution, where only CONGRESS can declare war; if US signs this treaty, then the League of Nations could force them to war.

1922-53 : Revolutionaries of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917. He took over after Lenin died. Stalin was ruthless while he consolidated power, and removed all political opponents (including Trotsky) as he gained power in Communist Russia. He implemented a 5-year plan for Russia that would attempt to centralize and modernize their economy. Stalin collectivized farming, putting an end to the Kulaks, getting rid of anyone who opposed him. In the end, he industrialized Russia at an EXTREMELY fast rate, and urged them on to becoming a world power. Construction, literacy and work opportunities skyrocketed. Ruthless dictator shapes the direction of the USSR for the next century.

series of political repressions and murders under the command of Stalin...carried out in order to consolidate power into his hands... Stalin used trials as a way of propaganda, where he would make people confess to crimes that they didn’t even do, and then sentence them to death or purge them. The Great Purges was brought on by the fact that Stalin was extremely paranoid of political dissidents, and got rid of anyone who opposed him. Not killing people for the sake of killing them, but anyone he saw as a threat to Communism (Kulaks). Very uncompromising in his purges, kills everyone who could POSSIBLY be a rival to him

1925-50s: Stalin used trials as a way of propaganda, where he would make people confess to crimes that they didn’t even do, and then sentence them to death or purge them. The Great Purges was brought on by the fact that Stalin was extremely paranoid of political dissidents, and got rid of anyone who opposed him. Not killing people for the sake of killing them, but anyone he saw as a threat to Communism (Kulaks). Very uncompromising in his purges, kills everyone who could POSSIBLY be a rival to him

As part of the 5-year plan to invigorate the Soviet economy, Magnitogorsk was designated to be a steel production industrial city that would emulate US Steel. It had a production capacity of 4 million tons yearly. Magnitogorsk served as a showpiece for Stalin’s attempt to invigorate the Soviet economy, yet it came at a price. Thousands of forced labor worked in the plant, all-living in terrible conditions. Water was rationed and living quarters were tight, yet Stalin saw this all as progress and the cost of industrialization. Stalin is not concerned about producing consumer goods; heavy industrial goods were his plans for economic expansion.

Republic government established in Germany after the end of WWI. This becomes a very controversial form of gov’t; gives way to progressive gender roles, and no political majority. Political coalitions force gov’t to be non-cohesive, and the Weimar rule lacks the leadership necessary in post-WWI Germany. The gov’t causes hyperinflation in order to deal with the war debt, and is ultimately considered a failed attempt at democracy within Germany.

1918-1919: Global flu epidemic targets both civilians and soldiers. Between 1918 and 1919, the flu will kill more people than WWI did in the first year of fighting. The mobilized transportation of troops and transportation of military goods allows the flu to move with ease across Europe. When American soldiers returned from fighting the war, they brought the flu back with them, which would in turn kill over 200,000 Americans at home; it’s not even safe to celebrate victory because you may come into contact with someone infected!

1913: US -Sanger spoke about the message that women must become educated on how their body works, and be educated on birth control. She writes about women’s bodies, and about women’s fertility, which is a violation of the law, yet she wants women to KNOW how to control pregnancy. The gov’t doesn’t want women to control their pregnancy; there is a huge population gap due to the influenza outbreak, and war casualties. Sanger wants women to control their destiny, and the first step to doing that would be to know how their bodies work, and provide them with birth control and planned parenthood.

1911: Leader of the Women Social and Political Union in England, who were working towards gaining political independence for women. She believes that men were treating women as children as they peacefully campaigned for political rights. She encouraged her followers to throw rocks at gov’t buildings, and heckle members of parliament until they get a response. The women are thrown in jail. Pankurst writes that the prison was a place of horror and terror; the press takes up her story, and she becomes a forefront leader of women’s rights to suffrage.

1924 – Liberal belief in industry is shaken after the war. The technological advancements of industry gave rise to industrialized slaughter in the war that was responsible for killing millions. Romanticism is reborn after the war, and Otto Dix paint a picture of Stormtroops Advancing under Gas, which depicts the gruesome technology of war transforming humans into “aliens”. The painting critiques the way that science has betrayed mankind; science is not progress, but destruction.

1919-33: As German’s start to lose their faith in Conservative and Liberal ideals, they begin to embrace more radical ideologies. The Nazis say that Germany didn’t ACTUALLY lose, the war, but they were “stabbed in the back” by selfish and untrustworthy Jews, Socialists and Communists. This theory cites that these people were not interested in Germany’s well being, because they were part of a greater multi-national network. These people had no sense of loyalty, and intentionally stabbed Germany in the back in order to ascend to power in the Weimar Republic.

1920-1935 – Faces were the ancient Roman symbol of authority. They looked like axes, and the Fascists derived their name from this word. The symbol of the Fasces expresses many key principles of the fascist ideology. Faces symbolize the ancient Roman peopling coming together to stand as one, yet only ONE person can wield the authority, and everyone else has to follow that person; basically the message of fascism.

1925-35: Hitler and Fascists embrace the idea of women becoming mothers and having children in order to restore the population gap existing in Germany due to the influenza outbreak, and wartime casualties. They developed a system to incentivize motherhood; mothers with many children were rewarded with crosses. 4-5 children = bronze medal, 5-7 = silver medal, 7+ = gold medal. These crosses symbolized women empowerment in their commitment to the German family.

The Nazi Party police force. These soldiers protect the Nazi party leaders, and inflict violence in order to disturb and eliminate other political parties. The S.A. caused problems at Communist rallies. Upon Hitler becoming the Chancellor of Germany in 1932, he fires German police who are not members of the Nazi party, and replaces them with the S.A. He uses the S.A. to quell opposition, for Hitler wants to be more than just Chancellor, he wants to rule.

The Reichstag is the building where German Parliament convenes. It is set on fire in 1933 and Hitler convinces President Hindenburg that the Communists did it, and they were on the march to rebel against the Weimar Republic. Because of the fear of a Communist conspiracy, Hitler is granted “emergency powers” that he promises to relinquish once the problem is dealt with. This leads him to create the Enabling Act, which allows Hitler to legally ascend to power as the ruler of Germany, when he then proceeds to consolidate his rule. The Reichstag Fire provided the necessary first step that allowed Hitler to assume control of Germany, over the Weimar Republic.

1933 - After President Hindenburg grants Hitler “emergency powers” from Reichstag Fires on govt. building, Hitler suspends the constitution of Germany for 4 years. This allows Hitler and the Nazis to create whatever laws are necessary in order to deal with the Communist problem, completely unopposed by the German Parliament or President. Hitler proceeds to purge political opposition, and consolidate power. This is referred to as the “Nazi-fication” of Germany, but the Enabling Act does it all LEGALLY.

1921 - Post WWI, countries want to try to prevent the buildup of fleets and unprecedented naval spending that helped to cause WWI (between Germany and England in competition to build dreadnaughts). Washington Naval Conference established a 10-year building holiday; for 10 years, no new ships could be built. There is ratio of allowable ships established between USA, England, Japan, France and Italy. 5 : 5 : 3 : 1.5 : 1.5 respectively. Japan feels discriminated against, so USA and UK promise not to fortify the Philippines and other Pacific regions.

1936 - Hitler sends German troops into the Rhineland in direct opposition to the provision of the Treaty of Versailles that de-militarized this zone of Germany. Hitler planned to test France’s conviction of keeping them out of the Rhineland. Upon sending troops into a zone that was supposed to be de-militarized, Hitler gets no response from the League of Nations, France or Britain. This starts the process of appeasement, for everyone is terrified of going to war again.

1938 - Hitler believed that Austria and Germany should merge; Austria contained German people, so why shouldn’t the two form a cohesive nation under self-determination. Anschluss = joining Austria with Germany. The Nazi party within Austria insists on Anschluss, but prime minister of Austria resists. Eventually, public support creates a VOTE for the unification between Germany and Austria. Before the vote is allowed to take place, Hitler sends German troops to invade Austria a day before the vote; they are met with cheers and no resistance. Still, the Western Powers refuse to intervene! Germany is clearly violating the established Treaty of Versailles. Western powers don’t want to come off as the aggressors, and continue to appease Germany.

1938 - Czechoslovakia was created from the Treaty of Versailles, and was an ally to France and UK. Meant to be a nation for Czechs and Slavs, yet there was a large German population living in the area that wanted to be re-unified with Germany proper. In 1938, violent protests of Germans break out in the Sudetenland (area of Czech that Germans live in). Government of Czechoslovakia puts down the riots and Hitler seizes this as a moment of aggression on Czechoslovakia’s part. He takes a firm tone with the gov’t in terms of self-determination in the Sudetenland. This leads to the Munich Conference (where no Czechs were present…), which appeases Germany once again, giving them the Sudetenland.

1939 – Russia and Germany sign a non-aggression pact, which stunned the world; Communists and Fascists are enemies! The pact claims that there will be a 10-year peace between the two nations. This pact is an unofficial agreement between Russia and Germany to invade Poland in order to reclaim the land that they had lost due to the Treaty of Versailles, so it benefits both of them.

1938-1939 – Now that Hitler controls all of Austria, and all of Czechoslovakia, he turns his attention to the Polish Corridor, where there are still many Germans living. He fully expects the Western Powers to appease him yet again, and give him the territory. Stalin is fearful of German invasion, which may cause him to retaliate if Hitler invades the Polish Corridor – leads to the creation of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. Because Stalin and the West don’t get along, Hitler uses this to his advantage. Now he is free to invade the Polish Corridor, without fear of attack from Russia, with the belief that the Western Powers will simply let him have the territory (since they had already appeased him so much). After he invades Poland in 1939, France and Britain declare war on Germany.

1942- A film series made by Frank Capra for the enlisted military and the public. This film was a propaganda series to explain what is going on in the war, and why we must retaliate against the German Fascist state. Basically depicted the Free World vs. the Slave World. Eventually the series would become critically acclaimed, as it demonstrated why the message of the Dual Revolutions must triumph over the message of fascism and slavery.

1942 - Americans are afraid of Japanese ever since the attack on Pearl Harbor; even though Japanese-Americans were just as loyal to the United States as everyone else, it wasn’t seen that way on the American home front. Executive Order 9066 banned civilians from living in areas that were deemed to be “military zones”. The order was implemented to target ONLY Japanese living in America though. Eventually, the entire west coast is deemed as an essential military zone, and all Japanese are forced to uproot themselves and move. Essentially gave the gov’t the right to trample on the property rights of Japanese-Americans.

1942 - May 3, 1942 General DeWitt issued Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 ordering all people of Japanese ancestry, citizens or not, who lived in Military Area number 1 (essentially the entire pacific coast to about 100 miles inland) to report to assembly centers to be shipped off to permanent relocation centers like Manzanar

1939 – Russia and Germany sign a non-aggression pact, which stunned the world; Communists and Fascists are enemies! The pact claims that there will be a 10-year peace between the two nations. This pact is an unofficial agreement between Russia and Germany to invade Poland in order to reclaim the land that they had lost due to the Treaty of Versailles, so it benefits both of them.

1938-1939 – Now that Hitler controls all of Austria, and all of Czechoslovakia, he turns his attention to the Polish Corridor, where there are still many Germans living. He fully expects the Western Powers to appease him yet again, and give him the territory. Stalin is fearful of German invasion, which may cause him to retaliate if Hitler invades the Polish Corridor – leads to the creation of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. Because Stalin and the West don’t get along, Hitler uses this to his advantage. Now he is free to invade the Polish Corridor, without fear of attack from Russia, with the belief that the Western Powers will simply let him have the territory (since they had already appeased him so much). After he invades Poland in 1939, France and Britain declare war on Germany.

1942- A film series made by Frank Capra for the enlisted military and the public. This film was a propaganda series to explain what is going on in the war, and why we must retaliate against the German Fascist state. Basically depicted the Free World vs. the Slave World. Eventually the series would become critically acclaimed, as it demonstrated why the message of the Dual Revolutions must triumph over the message of fascism and slavery.

1942 - Americans are afraid of Japanese ever since the attack on Pearl Harbor; even though Japanese-Americans were just as loyal to the United States as everyone else, it wasn’t seen that way on the American home front. Executive Order 9066 banned civilians from living in areas that were deemed to be “military zones”. The order was implemented to target ONLY Japanese living in America though. Eventually, the entire west coast is deemed as an essential military zone, and all Japanese are forced to uproot themselves and move. Essentially gave the gov’t the right to trample on the property rights of Japanese-Americans.

1942 - May 3, 1942 General DeWitt issued Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 ordering all people of Japanese ancestry, citizens or not, who lived in Military Area number 1 (essentially the entire pacific coast to about 100 miles inland) to report to assembly centers to be shipped off to permanent relocation centers like Manzanar

1942-45 : Manzanar is the site of one of ten camps where over 110,000 Japanese Americans were imprisoned during WWII. In California east of LA. After the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Government swiftly moved to begin solving the "Japanese Problem" on the West Coast of the United States. The government pressed for action against people of japanese descent as many people were afraid of an attack from within our borders. Executive Order 9066 resulted in the forced relocation of over 120,000 Japanese Americans in concentration camps, of which Manazanar was the first.

was an all-black airborne unit of the United States Army during WWII. The unit was activated as a result of a recommendation made in December 1942 by the advisory committee on Negro Troop Policies. All black unit, all balck men with all black officers, all volunteers. Officially activated on December 30, 1943 at Fort Benning Georgia. They didn’t serve overseas because European commanders had no “use” for Black jumpers. The company was used to fight forest fires in the northwest caused by Japanese incendiary bombs.

Late 1800s - 1960's :
state and local laws in the United States that designated racial segregation in Southern states of the former Confederacy. The blacks were treated as inferiors... led to numerous disadvantages in education, economic status and social status. There was segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. These laws were historically significant because it shows how long and grueling the process of obtaining equal civil rights was for African Americans. These laws were not essentially abolished until the Civil Rights Act of 1964

1942 - meeting of senior officials of Nazi Germany held in Berlin, in the suburb of Wannsee. Presented a plan for the deportation of Jews from Europe and French North Africa to the German areas of Eastern Europe. These Jews were used to build roads, where they would eventually die. All survivors were to be executed after the completion of all of the projects. However, the result was not as intended as the Soviets and the other Allied forces pushed back the German lines and most of the Jews were sent to extermination camps or killed on the spot by the Nazis

(Killing by hunger) was a man-made famine in Ukrainian SSR between 1932-33. milllions of Ukrainians died of starvation in a peacetime catastrophe. Death toll vary from 2-12 million. Many argue it was genocide premeditated by Stalin himslef against the peasentry of Ukraine. Soviet policies were an attack on the rise of Ukrainian nationalism.

1942-43: The Battle of Stalingrad in 1942 was between Nazi Germany and the USSR. Lasted almost 6 months. It was the largest battle on the Eastern front and was marked by its extreme brutality and disregard for for civilian casualties. It is one of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare...heavy losses were inflicted on the German army and it was a major turning point in the war. After the Battle of Stalingrad, German forces never recovered their earlier strength, and attained no further strategic victories in the East. Significance is also that it shows that the USSR had played a greater role in Hitler’s defeat than the U.S. did (according to Laura)

1944 - Stalin believed that Poland was a key to the security of the USSR. In 1944 he created the Lublin government.
exercised control over Polish territory re-taken from Nazi Germany and was fully sponsored and controlled by the Soviet Union.

1947- Stated that it must be the official policy of the US government to support the free people of the world and relieve them from the pressures of the subjugation by armed minorities and by outside pressure. The doctrine held the stance that because these totalitarian regimes coerced free people, they thus represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the US. An attempt to stop the spreading of communism, but the flaw in the doctrine was that the US ended up helping countries with dictatorships, that just happened to be capitalistic. Therefore, we were providing funds to the wrong people even though it may have stopped the spread of communism.

Mutually assured destruction is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which the use of weapons of mass destruction (Nukes) would result in complete annihilation of both parties. No victory for either party (US and USSR) but just mutually assured destruction. It is a form of the NASH equilibrium in which neither side has the incentive to initiate conflict because everyone would fucking die.

1945 - he 3 main powers (The Allies) of Britain, Russia, and US tried to figure out what they were going to do with conquered Germany. They determined a four point plan at the Potsdam Conference: 1. De-Nazify Germany 2. Demilitarize the country, not just shut down but completely tear down the military 3. Reduce the territory of Germany, give back annexed land and give Poland land back 4. Divide Germany into 4 parts

Late 1940s - After the Soviet military cut off the Allies access to Berlin and supplies to inhabitants, the US needed a way to get supplies into Berlin to the citizens. (...to be continued)

In late 1940’s - General William H. Tunner resolves initial shortcomings of the Berlin airlift. Initially, things did not go well at first as they are not very well organized...had all the materials and supplies collected but it was hard to figure out how to get the supplies from Western Germany into Berlin. His plan is to have planes fly in one of 5 altitudes...sends a plane once every 3 minutes, he wants the planes landing constantly... only had one shot to land in Berlin (if it was raining and you can’t see the runway then turn around and try again...process was VERY efficient and worked very well.

1948-49 - During the American airlifts into Berlin, Stalin was trying to launch a propaganda war against the Americans. Gail Halvorsen was stationed in Berlin and he would always talk to the children there. He used to throw out candy to them out of his plane as he landed. He starts getting letters from kids addressed to him. Leads to “Little Vittles” where he and other pilots dropped over twenty tons of candy across Berlin...this is significant because it gains the love and support of the Berlin people and eventually leads to the lifting of the blockade in 1949.

1945 - Korea was a Japanese colony and late target of Allied war campaign...U.S. - Soviet agreement concerning Soviet offensive and post-war Korean policies...In 1948, the dividing line became the boundary between the newly independent countries of North and South Korea. In 1950, after a series of cross border raids and gunfire from both the North and the South, North Korean forces crossed the parallel and invaded South Korea, sparking the Korean War.

1948 - US and Soviet troops withdraw by 1948 from Korea...however the USSR left North Korea with a stronger military than South Korea thanks in part to the Soviet made T-34 tanks...leads to 1950 invasion by North Korean of South Korea, where they were able to seize almost all of South Korean but the Pusan region.

1950/51 - it was an amphibious invasion and battle of the Korean War. The US army had a lot more depth than North Korea. The US crossed over the 38 parallel, involved some 75,000 troops and 261 naval vessels, and led to the recapture of the South Korean capital Seoul two weeks later. It resulted in a decisive win for the United Nations and shifted the tides of war in the UN favor.

1950- US Senator who believed that there were internal communist threats in America and that we needed to do something about it. He gave a famous speech speaking about how china was taken over by communism against their will, due to the failure of the United States state department’s failure to act. Thus, he believed that there were men in the state department that aided leaders in China to turn them over to a communist regime. He also claimed that he knew the names of 57 state department members that were communist, and despite never releasing these names or having any real proof, people still believed him because it all fit into the narrative of the time. He wanted to begin a witch hunt for all communist agents.

1947- Hollywood began to self censor itself so that no communist message or agent would be a part of the entertainment industry. Hollywood legends began to argue that communists had infiltrated the labor unions and that they were trying to push their ideas on the industry. As a result, the Waldorf Statement was released, in which it set out to blacklist anyone that was a communist. Hollywood set out on a witch hunt, setting regulations on employment, and disallowing suspected communists from being involved in the industry.

1960s- Americans had viewed communists as heartless atheists, and thus the Cold War turned into somewhat of a Holy War as well, with christianity facing off against communism. Leading this charge was Reverend Billy Graham, who declared a religious war against all of the communists, stating that they were against God, against Christ, against the Bible, and against all religion. He made the claim that communism came from Satan himself, and that if you want to be a true loyal American, then you ought to be a Christian American. This lead to a vast increase in church attendance in America.

1940s- anti-communists believed that the US needed to clean up comic books as they were the main source of entertainment for kids growing up at the time. Captain America was published in the 1940s as a way of encouraging Americans to back away from isolationism and to embrace the American way of life. Captain America was always depicted as attacking enemies, and most often the enemies had the Soviet Union’s emblem on them. Captain America was a comic that was used to strongly portray the Americans dominance in lifestyle over the USSR.

1954- Comic books were criticized for glamorizing criminal lifestyles, and the comic industry would soon begin to collapse as they were trying to sell to a country that was living in fear of some of the messages that comics were sending out to their youth. The Comic Code Authority was put into place in order to begin the censoring of comics through the use of strict guidelines. Each comic had to receive a stamp identifying it as an approved comic by the authority. In order to receive the stamp, the comic had to teach respect for the police and government officials. They also had to eliminate all negative symbols, and good had to always triumph over evil.

1930s- Practiced law in a British colony in South Africa, which gave him the experience and knowledge that he should embrace Indian independence and reject all Western influence in the region. The empires that the West was trying to set up in India were wrong because they were trying to erase the native culture, and sub-plant their own empires culture in instead. He argued that having your own native culture is important, and that the people of India should not allow empires to do this to them. Gandhi re-invented himself, and placed a heavy weight on seeking independence for India.

1930s- Practiced law in a British colony in South Africa, which gave him the experience and knowledge that he should embrace Indian independence and reject all Western influence in the region. The empires that the West was trying to set up in India were wrong because they were trying to erase the native culture, and sub-plant their own empires culture in instead. He argued that having your own native culture is important, and that the people of India should not allow empires to do this to them. Gandhi re-invented himself, and placed a heavy weight on seeking independence for India.

1940s- Britain was involved in WWII at the time and was looking for volunteers from India to battle against the Axis forces. Gandhi stood up and started the “Quit India” movement, in which he spoke out to the nearly 2.5 million people that were prepared to volunteer for the war effort for Britain, stating that they should not fight the war with Britain if they are not going to recognize India as a country, and treat them properly. Gandhi was looking to truly stand up for India in this instance, and was looking for immediate independence during this movement.

1958- Lumumba leads the Mouvement National Congolais, which demands that the Belgians leave the Congo. In starting this movement, riots broke out and this lead to the death of multiple people. As a result of these deaths, Lumumba was sentenced to imprisonment. Despite being imprisoned, what Lumumba had started continued on, as unrest continued until the Brussels Conference, in which the fate of the Congo region would be decided. Coming out of this conference, it was decided that the people would be able to elect delegates to represent the Congo in order to decide if they would become independent or not. Lumumba is eventually released from prison, but the CIA begins to recognize him as an ally of the Soviets, and thus they send out to assassinate Lumumba in 1961.

1960- When the Belgians finally leave the Congo, various Belgian businessman remain in the Congo in order to keep an eye on their source of wealth. The business men approach the Belgian government and ask them to intervene back into the Congo in order to protect the economic status of the business men, despite the fact that the Congo was considered a sovereign nation at the time. With Katanga being one of the richest and most well-developed areas of the Congo, the Belgian business men tried to have Katanga split off from the Congo and to join the Belgians with their wealth.

1960s- Army Chief of Staff under Lumumba, came under the great pressure of many sources. The embassies of Western nations were helping pay his salaries, and he also favored getting rid of the supposed Soviet presence in the Congo. Thus, Mobutu supported the CIA in having a coup take out Lumumba. Mobutu accused Lumumba of being a pro-communist leader, and thus they had him killed.

1945-nationalist coalition headed by communist Ho Chi Minh. Declared their independence modeling their declaration after the one constructed by Thomas Jefferson. Vietminh wanted independence from the French empire. The Vietminh were able to oppose Japan and France and to find their independence.

Leaders in the Middle East who looked to western countries as models in order to hope to westernize countries in the middle east. They advocated a lack of religion in political discourse. They came together and wanted to create a secular pan-Arab state. Gamal Abdel Nasser was a secular modernist. Basically the group opposed to Islamic Reformists who wanted close ties between religion and political leadership.

1956-1970: second president of Egypt. Under his leadership Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company and came to play a central role in anti-imperialist efforts in the Arab World and Africa. Instrumental in establishment of the international non-aligned movement, a group of states considering themselves not aligned with or against any major power bloc. Well known for nationalist policilies and pan-Arabism, though his status as “leader of the Arabs” but damaged by the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six-Day War.

1967- short war, Israel vs. Egypt, Jordan and Syria. After a period of high tension between Israel and its neighbors, war began with Israel launching surprise air strikes agains Arab forces. War ended in a swift and decisive Israeli victory, where Israel took control of the Gaza Strip from Egypt, the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.

Groups like al Qaeda, the Muslim Brotherhood, and the Wahhabis. They read the quran very strictly and believed in the jihad and that death for the sake of allah was their highest aspirations. Competed with the secular modernists.

1988-2011: founder of Al-Quaeda, the jihadist organization responsible for the September 11 attacks on the US and numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets. Joined list of FBI’s ten most wanted figures for his involvement in the 1998 US embassy bombings, became a major target of the War on Terror, killed in Pakistan in 2011

1988-2011: founder of Al-Quaeda, the jihadist organization responsible for the September 11 attacks on the US and numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets. Joined list of FBI’s ten most wanted figures for his involvement in the 1998 US embassy bombings, became a major target of the War on Terror, killed in Pakistan in 2011

Zionism is a form of nationalism of Jews and Jewish culture that supports a Jewish nation state in territory defined as the Land of Israel. Zionism suports Jews upholding thier Jewish identity and opposes the assimilation of Jews into other societies, has advocated the return of Jews to Israel as a means for Jews to be liberated from anti-semitic discrimination.

1973- started when members of OAPEC (OPEC plus Egypt, Sryia, and Tunisia) proclaimed an oil embargo in response to the US decision to resupply the Israeli military during the Yom Kippur War. The US created a rift with nato because they were seen as initiating the oil embargo and the long term possibility of high oil prices. Sec. of State Henry Kissinger negotiated an Israeli troop withdrawal to sufficiently convince Arab oil producers to lift the embargo in 1974.

1979- The Soviet War in Afghanistan was a 9-year proxy war during the cold war. The Soviet Union supported the Marxist government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, while a variety of other countries including the US, Saudi, Arabia, and the UK supported the Afghan Mujahideen guerrilla movement and foreign “Arab-Afghan” volunteers.

Popularity of the movement was at its height during the 1950’s and 1960’s. Pan-Arabism is an ideology promoting the unification of the countries of the Arab world (Arab territiories from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea), sometimes involving close cooperation or solidarity against perceived enemies of the Arabs. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation. The movement often adopted socialist principles and strongly opposed Western political involvement in the Arab world.

Zionism is a form of nationalism of Jews and Jewish culture that supports a Jewish nation state in territory defined as the Land of Israel. Zionism suports Jews upholding thier Jewish identity and opposes the assimilation of Jews into other societies, has advocated the return of Jews to Israel as a means for Jews to be liberated from anti-semitic discrimination.

1973- started when members of OAPEC (OPEC plus Egypt, Sryia, and Tunisia) proclaimed an oil embargo in response to the US decision to resupply the Israeli military during the Yom Kippur War. The US created a rift with nato because they were seen as initiating the oil embargo and the long term possibility of high oil prices. Sec. of State Henry Kissinger negotiated an Israeli troop withdrawal to sufficiently convince Arab oil producers to lift the embargo in 1974.

1979- The Soviet War in Afghanistan was a 9-year proxy war during the cold war. The Soviet Union supported the Marxist government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, while a variety of other countries including the US, Saudi, Arabia, and the UK supported the Afghan Mujahideen guerrilla movement and foreign “Arab-Afghan” volunteers.

1950- Won the election in Guatemala taking over for the dictator Jorge Ubico. He wanted to modernize the economy and enact the Agrarian Reform Law of 1952. Goal of this reform law was to fix the backwards nation of Guatemala. The government compensated landowners for unused land, and took this land and redistributed over 1.5 million acres to the poor. Dramatic change from the dictatorship that the country was used to. Arbenz was criticized for being a communist and for working with the USSR.

1950- American corporation, which was the largest agricultural enterprise in Guatemala. Arbenz and the government took what they believed to be unused land and compensated the United Fruit Company for it, but the corporation complained stating that they had given up 413,000 acres of land and got minimal in return. Fruit Company went to John Foster (Secretary of State) with their complaints, and the state department began to spread rumors that Guatemala was becoming communist and was under the control of the USSR. Arbenz stood his place, and continued to go about his business though.

1954- Guatemala had become under the reign of the USSR according to the CIA and the United States, and thus they decided to mobilize and overthrow the Guatemalan government. US utilized a series of air raids on the capital which was considered to be unarmed. Once US had taken out the capital, US proceeded to put in place the first of many dictatorships into Guatemala.

1970- Allende takes leadership in Chile. Wanted to modernize the economy, and his first step in accomplishing this was to fix the copper industry. Allende wanted to modernize the mines in order to use them for profits to alleviate the poverty in Chile. In addition, Allende pushed for a social revolution, in which he would improve healthcare for all, especially for children. Like Arbenz, Allende would also seize any land that was not under development and redistribute it. Unfortunately, the reforms that Allende was making made them appear communist to the Americans, and thus the US decided to cut of all credits to Chile. Nixon even tried to put pressure on the World Bank to deny Allende any loans that he wanted. With nowhere to acquire money, Allende began printing more money, which led to inflation in Chile. All moves made by Nixon were attempts to crash the Chilean economy and to push Allende out.

1973- led a military coup to restore order in Chile, and began by bombing the presidential palace. Allende committed suicide as he felt that all was lost for him. Under Pinochet’s dictator rule, he ordered that anyone suspected of being a supporter of Allende and his beliefs be rounded up, tortured, and murdered. Was responsible for the death of over 3000 people, and would act as dictator from 1973-1990. He was not a communist though, and thus he would receive support from the US.

1979- Nicaragua was under the control of the Somoza family since the 1930s and they were incredibly corrupt. Following the murder of Pedro Chamorro, a national uprising began against the Somoza family, of which the Sandanistas were the leaders in the uprising. Daniel Ortega led the Sandanistas to overthrow the Somoza family and to start a reform. They began by seizing the land owned by the Somoza family and by giving it back to the people. In addition, they would begin a literacy campaign and try to make healthcare available to more people. Once again, the US would spread rumors that Ortega was a communist though due to his reforms, and the US would side with the anti-sandanistas in order to come up with an armed opposition to go against the revolutionaries.

1963- author of a novel called A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch, which chronicled what it was like to live under the rule of Stalin. He was eventually expelled from the USSR because he was seen as a dissident from what they believed in. He was an example of how powerful the KGB had become in the USSR, and how they were willing to arrest anyone that they felt was not on their side. Brezhnev wanted to squash any type of dissident and intended on using an iron fist form of leadership, just as Stalin did. Anyone that challenged the ideology of the USSR would suffer.

1968- Alexander Dubcek, leader of the Czechs, wanted to bring his country to a more liberal scheme of communism that would have greater freedom. He wanted to liberalize certain aspects of the communist regime so that the people felt like their lives were better because they were living under communism and not some other political system. Brezhnev responded negatively to this idea, and stated in this doctrine that when forces that are hostile towards communism and try to turn towards capitalism, then it becomes the issue of all communist nations to stop the hostility. The doctrine was thus criticizing Dubcek of being a man that was trying to overturn communism and bring about capitalism to the East.

1983- Reagan fashioned himself as a cold war warrior, and thus his stance during his election was that we needed to stand up against the communist threat. The Americans found his message to be very enticing, and thus he was elected. In order to uphold what he promised Americans, he began to push for the importance of military spending. Reagan wanted the US to spend large sums of money in order to keep up in the military arms race. Felt that we needed to be able to respond with massive force to any USSR threat. Additionally, Reagan believed that we could use our economy as a weapon against the USSR, by forcing them to spend as much money as us, in order to keep up in the arms race, which would ultimately undermine their economy. Billions of dollars were poured into SDI, forcing the Russians to spend as well in order to remain competitive.

1980-Polish trade union federation that emerged as a result of the terrible economic conditions. Solidarity led strikes in a broad anti-socialist movement, using methods of civil resistance to advance the causes of workers’ rights and to seek social change. The government made attempts to destroy Solidarity, but it was ultimately forced to negotiate with the union.

1987- Gorbachev had taken over leadership in the Russia in 1985, and starts his campaign of purifying communism. He wanted to have sweeping social, economic, and political reforms to clean up communism. One of his reforms was Perestroika, in which the government would set the demand for various goods that factories were producing, and thus the factories were only required to meet the quota. Any additional production was theirs to keep, and they had the freedom to do with it what they pleased. He also made it so that gov’t no longer assumed the cost of business; businesses that were not profitable would not continue to be propped up by the USSR gov’t. Perestroika was an example of how there was less government protection of enterprises and jobs, and that the market had more room to breath on its own so long as it met the quotas.

1988-Gorbachev felt that the best way to reform society was to encourage debate, and thus Glasnost would be a reform that would take away much of the censoring in media. In addition, the reform meant that the government would not go after writers for writing unflattering fiction. Essentially the goal set by Gorbachev was to have everyone be open and speak their minds about what they liked and disliked about communism, so that perhaps the proper changes could be made.

1987- When Gorbachev opened the door up for criticism, people on both sides of the political spectrum began questioning him. Despite all of the criticism, he stayed with all of his new policies, which led to some of the satellite nations challenging the Soviet’s rule over them. Thus, the Velvet Revolution was a bloodless revolution among many that began in Poland, and that was used to demonstrate the popular opposition to the continuation of one-party rule and thus the want for change. One of the events that precipitated as a result of the Velvet Revolution around the globe was the fall of the Berlin Wall.

1992- wrote The End of History, which detailed the belief that the spread of liberal democracy in the wake of the Cold War was the final stage of development for mankind. Western culture was dominating everywhere, and this was a good thing, as he felt if the world were like the west, then the world was in a good place. Not everyone felt the same way as Francis Fukuyama though, as the Islamic people felt that their was the best way for the world to be.

1990-Iraq had borrowed money from Kuwait, because they were facing major economic issues and they were trying to fight a war against Iran. It eventually came time for Iraq to pay back its debt to Kuwait, but Saddam Hussein asked that Kuwait drop their debt. Iraq and Kuwait underwent a lot of diplomatic tension, which led to Hussein ordering his army to the border of Kuwait in order to start an invasion. The international response was Resolution 661, which ceased the importation of product to Iraq, in an attempt to cripple Iraq. In order to prepare in case this was not enough, Dick Cheney secured permission for Operation Desert Shield. With the king of Kuwait’s permission, the US would send a quarter of a million troops, and eventually a half a million troops in order to defend from an Iraqi invasion. Bush would eventually gain 34 countries support to build up a coalition.

1991- there were a lot of questions going around on as to whether we should really be engaged in the Middle East as it seemed like another Vietnam War that we were heading into. But when a woman named Nayirah gave testimony about what she had witnessed Saddam Hussein and his army do, the US realized that the enemy was a totalitarian dictator that was cruel to his people, and that the US was justified in taking action. She claimed that when the Iraqi army invaded, they raided her hospital, and took everything, leaving just about everyone to die. Made the world realize that stopping Saddam Hussein was vital. The UN gave Hussein a deadline of January 15th, 1991 to pull out of Kuwait.

1991- The UN agreed that the best way for the bloodshed to stop with Hussein would be if the Iraqi people themselves tried to force Hussein to step aside. The UN stated that they would support anyone that would begin an effort. Thus rebels began to go against Hussein, but received little to no aid from the US or the UN. Saddam and his military followers would slaughter the rebels in cities like Karbala. Specifically in Karbala, local Shi’a rebels attempted to stand up against Saddam’s regime, but they would end up being put down with great brutality as they had little to arm themselves with, and the city would be badly damaged.

1990s-People in Somalia were suffering from starvation and malnourishment. The UN passed a resolution called UNOSOM that called upon the warlords to stop fighting and to help the people of the nation that were suffering from disease and malnourishment. The UN would help in UNOSOM by sending 500 troops to go in and offer humanitarian aid. Mohammed and his soldiers decide to not cooperate and instead of helping the aid come in, they take all of the resources for themselves that were brought it to help the people. Mohammed then demands that UNOSOM I come to an end and that the UN leave his country.

1993- UN created UNOSOM II and made sure that it was large enough to make sure that the humanitarian aid was able to be effective. Their mission and goal was to aid the people that were hungry and need of help, but also to disarm the warlords and to begin to build up a more stable government that could properly take care of its people. Unfortunately, the people of Somalia sided with Mohammed, as they felt that he was the only way that fighting with the West would end. They felt that the UN was being imperialistic and that they would just take over their country ultimately, thus they sided with their own warlord.