History of Creativity #2

1- Cynics/skeptics
2- Stoics
3- Chirstian

Doubted everything
rejection of the physical
reason above pleasure

"Live simple"
Ultimate truth
Divine will (Logos)
Apathea

1- Peripatetics
2- Epicureans
3- Hedonists/Atheists

Pleasure above reason

-Knowledge from science
-Ultimate truths
-mover center of science to Alexandria

Looked for ethical right was of living.
No life after death
Pleasure above reason
searching for Golden Mean: Avoidance of all extremes

Sexual pleasure
Live on pleasure
short term satisfaction

Leader of the cynics/skeptics
Story: Visited my Alexander who admired him. Alexander asked what he could do for him and Diogenes replied to move out of his sunlight

Founded Athens school that began Stoicism

Living simply, shunning luxury and complexity while retaining some value of sensory perceptions.

Controlling emotions to accept what fate brings "stoic approach"

Athens, wrote over 300 treaties defining his ethical system

Syrian King; wanted to hellenize his people in empire. Only allowed the worship of one Zeus and other gods of greek pantheon. People not following were put to death.

Refused to accept worship rules from Antiochus IV, rebelled and put to death, son carried on

Son of Mattathias, led rebellion - Maccabean revolt- against Antiochus IV

Ruling priests. Accepted Greek ways. A Jewish faction

Gained power through Maccabean revolt. Resisted all changes to religion

Leader of the INDUMAEANS, enemies of the jews, gave son HEROD governorship of Jerusalem

Procurator- crucified Jesus- put in charge of Jerusalem after Herod

Scattering of the Jews, name given to them by the Romans

Text of faith.

Rabbinical commentaries that assist in understanding the Torah

Years ofter Trojan war. Story of Aeneas by Virgil.

Wrote the Aeneid. Story of Aeneas.
-Georgies
-Perfect Hexameter
-Friend of Horace

Story by virgin, tells the origin of Rome.

Son of Venus, Trojan hero. Famous wandering: encounter with Dido (queen of carthage) who falls in love with him. Duty vs Love, Aeneas chooses devotion to Duty

TWINS of royalty drown so they won't fight over the crown. Washed ashore and build their own city. Romulus kills brother and is named first king. Ruled during the Regal Period. Rome named after Romulus

Rome ruled by 7 kings

2 Parts:
1- Patricians
2-Plebeians

Land holders

Common people and merchants etc

operating officials, given specific names depending on duties

Patricians, Most important
Control over foreign affairs, Army
Senate appointed consuls- chief executive officers

plebs. Made all laws of Rome.
Laws were called Plebecites.
Elected 10 tribunes(officials who over saw)

Both Plebs and Pat.
Electing Judges

Chief religious offical of Rome.
Elected by Pats, by Senatus, elected for 1 year doing calendar, calling priests ect

First expansion of Rome. Wars Hannibal fought with Rome to stop expansion. Rome eventually Won

General. Attacked Rome by the North. Fought many battles but could never get the Romans to join his army. He went home to defend his own city and lost that final battle to Scipio Africanus

A general that could serve longer than a year and worked like a governor.

Leader fighting for Rome against the Etruscans. Thought to destroy the bridge leading the enemy to Rome.

Romans family with Triplets. Fought against the other triplet tribe of Curiatti.

the head of centuries(100 men)

3 Centuries (300 Men)
Commander: Military Tribune-

Groups of maniples....about 6,000 men

Greek monarch. Wanted to expand to Italy and attacked. defeated Roman army, once, then another army, and another army and soon went back to Greece thinking another battle was not worth it.

Older Brother of the two.
attempted to overrule the senate for rejecting a treaty. Caused violence in the senate. He was assassinated in the street

Younger brother. elected tribune and made laws that decreased the power of the senate. killed during a riot

raised an army for the African campaign.
created a professional army for the first time. was successful in Africa.

Powerful leader of the Optimates. Killed Cataline and was criticized by Julius Ceasar

Spoke out against Cicero
Advocated moderation
able to win over the hearts of the Roman people.
Wanted to be king and became dictator.
Part of the Triumvirate (Cicero, Pompey, and Caesar)
Patterned his life after Alexander the Great
Governor in Spain
named Pontifex maximus in Rome.
Married Pompey's relatives
Had affair with Cleopatra
killed by 20 senators after wanting a crown, including his son Brutus

Organized Rome's only fire Dept. that made people pay to have the help of the fire dept
made alliance with Caesar
Leader that defeated the slave revolt led by Spartacus. Crucified the slaves left.
His companion consul was Pompey.

Led by Cicero

Part of the Triumvirate
popular general (Asia Minor and Syria
Married Caesars daughter

Caesar, Pompey, Cicero
Very Powerful, together ruled Rome.
All three wanted more power and got armies.

Caesar attacking Pompey in Rome=civil war.

Killed Pompey.
Wife was Cleopatra that had affair with Julius Caesar.

Chief assistant to Julius Caesar
Forced to take his own life.

Caesar's Heir: Humble.
"princeps civitatis"=first citizen
First emperor to retire.
Appointed Pro-consul-new position

Period of Rule of Augustus

Augustus' personal guard.

Augustus established period of peace, 400 years

successor of Augustus and adopted nephew

CRAZIES
Augustus
Tiberius
Gaius
Claudius
Nero
Year of 4 Emperors

Famous Stoic writer, adviser to Nero
Removed the ART out of plays, made them more sexual, left amusement.

Tried to lesson/decrease power in the senate.
Vespasian
Titus
Domitian

GOLDEN AGE
Gladiators and entertainment
Marcus Aurelius

By Diocletian
2 co-emperors called Augustus': Diocletian and Maximian
2 Caesars (secondary leaders)
known as the 4 leaders

Fought with competing emperor in the tetrarchy. Saw the Christian symbol(Chi Rho) and fought under it to win. Brought the acceptance of Christianity

Constantine declared that all religions, no matter what their nature, would be respected.
This ended the persecutions of the christians.

church that the emperor is the ultimate authority...set up by Constantine
Emperor would appoint church leader-pope-until 13th century

Only Roman Emperor (post-constantine) that was not a Christian

know

Group of Germans
Attacked and settled in Gaul

German
Feared the Huns
Won the city of Rome by turning on the Romans that treated them badly
Leader was Alaric

tribe from central Asia let by Attila
Germans were afraid of them

Leader of the Huns

leader of the Visigoths that took over Rome

Germans from Africa
2nd to Enter Roman Empire

3rd German group to enter Roman Empire.
leader is Odoacer who captured Ravenna where the emperor lived

Leader of the Ostrogoths

know

Roman writer
Wrote the book 'Natural History'- explanation of everything natural. Origins of many legends:elephant afraid of mice
Died while being curious and too close to a volcano

Greek Scientist in Alexandria:
developed an astronomical system that worked and included Epicycles

Greek Scientist:
invented steam engine

Roman physician:
created modern medicine
Worked on the gladiators bodies and learned the body's makeup from this
His information was recorded in 22 volumes that served as modern medical text

know

declared that God the son was the begotten of the Father's substance, god is one object in himself and 3 objects to himself, and the Trinity is the fundamental miracle of the world

MAybe

Bad Emperors
Barbaric invaders
Roman Army was not all Roman but of scattered people.
Persians(Parthians) Growing strong and powerful
1 thing that stays in tact is the Catholic church headed by the Pope

Roman Historian,
Two great works: Histories and Annals
books tell a very true history of Rome.

documented my church father Eusebius, and overseen by Constantine.

Bishop in Hippo
Rebel turned Christian
Works: Confessions, City of God

Taught my Augustine: humans enter the world in a sinful state. the reason why ordinances such as baptism are performed

Eastern Empire of Rome: Thought of themselves as Romans but given a new name because they continued after the barbaric fall.
B. Empire really began after Diocletian

Laid out by Constantine, completed in 6 yrs.
Built new city, (neo-Rome)New Rome, later named Constantinople

Sea channel that combines: Sea of Marmara and Black sea
Used for trade

Christian church built in Byzantine/Constantinople by Constantine.
largest church in it's time.

Eastern emperor in Constantinople.

Gothic King, agreed not to attack the east

Justinian's General
Won so many battles-the most next to Julius Caesar

Emperor of Byzantine Empire.
Married Theodora.

Married to Justinian
Encouraged Justinian in Nike Revolt

Mob in the hippodrome was killed in a bloodbath.
Rival teams for chariot racing broke out in fighting, and crowds burning down buildings.

compiled by 10 jurists and legal scholars in 2 years.
Said Christian church is official religion.

means=one who surrenders or submits his will to Allah

Means= Submission or peace

Muslim's last Prophet
Arabs are descendants of Abraham through Ishmael.
Mohammed was the first to walk through the door to put stone on proper place. Had all tribes join in placing the rock.
Marries to Khadijah
Wrote "Hadith"-statements

Means God

Conveyed through Mohammed.
Only true and correct in Arabic
-exact words in Arabic from God

1st house of worship of Allah.
Cube shape building that houses a rock that Arabs believe came from God and has special powers.

period of time between Mohammed's defeat and triumphant return in MECCA

Mohammed's wife
Had her own caravan-trading merchant

Place of kneeling and prayer, attended on Fridays

city settled by Mohammed
Later named "Medina" =city of the prophet

means suffering or struggle.

4 leaders elected by the people.
4th caliph was Ali

Larger group: any just man can serve as leader of Islam

Smaller group: Islamic leader must be chosen by the previous leader.
Believed Mohammed's son-in-law should reign.

son-in-law of mohammed, one of the 4 caliphs and also who the shi'ites believed should reign
killed during succession war

Located in Damascus
no support from the Shi'ites

Located in Baghdad.
United the Shi'ites and gained support of the Sunnis
Golden age of Islam

Dome of the Rock: where Mohammed ascended into heaven. lifted off of rock

Taj Mahal: India