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How is our worldview shaped by inaccuracies, conventions and cultural bias?
culture determines worldview and shapes behavior regardless of accuracy.
"A person's world view is the framework of ideas and beliefs through which they interpret the world and interact with it. A person's culture is the combination of ideas, and beliefs that are their way of doing things; such that
What is culture?
Combination of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction in groups.
Combination of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction. In a group, closely related by either geography or philosophy, it becomes the accepted way of doing and understanding things.
INDIA- HINDUISM
Dharma=virtue, Artha=success, Karma=pleasure (cause and effect),Moksha=release(heaven)
"http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/religion/hinduism/beliefs.html
What are the main beliefs of Hinduism?
Brahman universal force, goal to be one with Brahman to be released, Moksha, from worldy reincarnation cycle.
"The core of Hinduism is the belief in Brahman, the underlying universal life force that encompasses and embodies existence. According to Hindu scriptures, one's ignorance of the true nature of the self (atman) as one with Brahman is what traps one in the cycle of endless death and reincarnation (samsara).
What is karma? dharma? samsara? moksha?
samsara = reincarnation
The belief that one's karma determines one's birth in the next life has supported the structure of the caste system in India, made up of four varnas that determine one's occupation: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (nobles and warriors), Vaishyas (commoners) and Sudras (servants).
What is karma?
pleasure, casue and effect, scorecard of life
The sum of merits accumulated by a soul at any given point in time; determined the caste to which the soul would be assigned in the next life
What is dharma?
virtue
Individual's duty fulfilled by observance of custom or law; the basic principles of cosmic or individual existence : divine law; conformity to one's duty and nature - used to justify the caste system.
What is samsara?
samsara = reincarnation
The eternal cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth; [Sanskrit] course of life,
What is moksha?
release from samsara, enlightenment
In Hinduism and Jainism , the ultimate spiritual goal, the soul's release from the bonds of transmigration.
What are the major gods of Hinduism?
Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva
Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva
What do all the gods have in common?
Married, both male and female images and personae, and displayed in life form as animals or humans with multiple limbs and abilities.
Married, both male and female images and personae, and displayed in life form as animals or humans with multiple limbs and abilities.
What is the main goal of Hinduism?
In Hinduism and Jainism , the ultimate spiritual goal, the soul's release from the bonds of transmigration (reincarnation-to reach moksha).
In Hinduism and Jainism , the ultimate spiritual goal, the soul's release from the bonds of transmigration.
What do Hindus believe happens to you when you die?
reincarnated as higher or lower order person depending on how you lived your life; until moksha - release
reincarnated as higher or lower order person depending on how you lived your life.
What is a caste and the main groups/ roles or occupations of the caste system?
Brahman=priest/highest order; Kshatriya=royalty/ Raiput=soldiers, Vaisya=mercantile or professional class; Shuda=worker and beyond that the untouchables.
separation of members of a society into predetermined groups by birth. Brahman, brahmin - a member of the highest of the four Hindu varnas; "originally all Brahmans were priests"; Kshatriya - a member of the royal or warrior Hindu caste; Rajpoot, Rajput - a member of the dominant Hindu military caste in northern India; Shudra, Sudra - a member of the lowest or worker Hindu caste; Vaisya - a member of the mercantile and professional Hindu caste; the third of the four main castes.
How is the caste system related to the Hindu concepts of dharma, karma, and reincarnation?
Caste and Dharma=mustdoyour duty to yur caste; karma=if you do your duty in life you will be reincarnated to higher caste.
"Caste is defined as a rigid social system in which a social hierarchy is maintained generation after generation and allows little mobility out of the position to which a person is born (Encarta Encyclopedia).
INDIA- BUDDHISM
What are the three paths that the Buddha followed during his life?
Prince, mendicant, enlightened, and then Buddha.
"Prince, Mendicant, Enlighten.
What were the major turning points in his life?
witnessed despair and aging, meditated to enlightenment, reached nirvana.
witnessing death and disease as a Prince; discovery of the middle way as a mendicant- during breathing and meditation; and finally enlightenment.
What is the main goal of Buddhism?
To reach a state of Nirvana = liberation from desire and delusion; seeing the truth in all things.
To reach a state of Nirvana = liberation from desire and delusion; seeing the truth in all things.
What are the Four Noble Truths?
dukka=suffering; suffering cause by craving for things; suffering ends when craving ends; 4 reach liberated state of nirvana.
1. Life as we know it ultimately is or leads to suffering/uneasiness (dukkha) in one way or another. 2. Suffering is caused by craving or attachments to worldly pleasures of all kinds. This is often expressed as a deluded clinging to a certain sense of existence, to self hood, or to the things or phenomena that we consider the cause of happiness or unhappiness. 3. Suffering ends when craving ends, when one is freed from desire. This is achieved by eliminating all delusion, thereby reaching a liberated state of Enlightenment (bodhi); 4. Reaching this liberated state is achieved by following the path laid out by the Buddha.
What is the Eightfold Path?
1-recognizing reality; 2-commit to do no harm; 3-speak the truth; 4-do no harm; 5-no harm livelihood; 6-improve yourself; 7-maintain clear conscious; 8-meditation - dhyanas.
1. Pāli ditthi - viewing reality as it is, not just as it appears to be. 2. sankappa - intention of renunciation, freedom and harmlessness. 3. vāc - speaking in a truthful and non-hurtful way. 4. karman - acting in a non-harmful way. 5. ājīvana - a non-harmful livelihood. 6. vyāyāma - making an effort to improve. 7. sati - awareness to see things for what they are with clear consciousness, being aware of the present reality within oneself, without any craving or aversion. 8. samādhi- correct meditation or concentration, explained as the first four dhyānas.
How is Buddhism similar to Hinduism?
Both are Dharmic, live virtuously for life's reward, religions based on law of karma and belief in reincarnation. The ultimate aim of both is to reach a state of Moksha or Nirvana.
Both are Dharmic, live virtuously for life's reward, religions based on law of karma and belief in reincarnation. The ultimate aim of both is to reach a state of Moksha or Nirvana.
How is Buddhism different from Hinduism?
The basic difference is this. Hindus believe in an eternal existence of self which can eventually merge into a greater self (Atman). Buddhists, however, believe that the self is ultimately transitory, and it's elimination is freedom from existence which is suffering.
The basic difference is this. Hindus believe in an eternal existence of self which can eventually merge into a greater self (Atman). Buddhists, however, believe that the self is ultimately transitory, and it's elimination is freedom from existence which is suffering.
Why is the Emperor Asoka a good example of a Buddhist king?
Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire.
Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire.
What are the main functions of a Wat and what are the major buildings in a Wat?
Buddhist temple with monks quarters.
Strictly speaking a Wat is a Buddhist sacred precinct with monks' quarters, the temple proper, an edifice housing a large image of Buddha, and a structure for lessons. A Buddhist site without a minimum of three resident monks cannot correctly be described as a Wat, although the term is frequently used more loosely, even for ruins of ancient temples. e.g. famous example = Wat Phra Kaew or the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (officially known as Wat Phra Sri Rattana Satsadaram); Wat Arun, locally known as Wat Chaeng, is situated on the west (Thonburi) bank of the Chao Phraya River.
CHINA- CONFUCIANISM
Confucius, also known as Kung Fuzi- 500 B.C.E.
"http://www.openhistory.org/jhdp/intro/node35.html
What is Confucianism and its main goal?
If everyone fulfilled their duties and kept their place then society would be stable and harmonious.
If everyone fulfilled their duties and kept their place then society would be stable and harmonious.
How did Confucius think it could be achieved?
assume responsibilities of life, self motivation, self control, seeking of harmonious relationships.
Confucianism is a socio-philosophical system aimed at bettering individuals and society. Its primary goals were to educate people to be self-motivated and self-controlled, and to enable people to assume their responsibilities, which would, in turn, cultivate a better self and a harmonious society. Confucius believed that lawlessness and social problems stemmed from the combination of unenlightened individuals and a social structure without norms.
What are the five relationships?
(1) ruler to ruled; (2) father to son; (3) husband to wife; (4) elder brother to younger brother; and (5) friend to friend. For Confucius and his followers, the relationship between father and son was the most important.
(1) ruler to ruled; (2) father to son; (3) husband to wife; (4) elder brother to younger brother; and (5) friend to friend. For Confucius and his followers, the relationship between father and son was the most important.
Explain the relationship between the Dynastic Cycle and the Mandate of Heaven.
mandate of heaven is one step on dynastic cyle from birth to death.
Theory says al dynasties go through cycle from mandate of heaven (desire of God that they rule) to peak of dynasty to decline caused by internal and usually external forces/acts of God to replacement by another dynasty that claims a new mandate from heaven.
What aspects of Chinese culture did Confucianism influence and how?
all - through five relationships.
all aspects through the exposing of behavior in the five relationships: children to parents and vice-versa; ruled to ruler, and ruler to ruled. As to government his ideas about meritocracy contrasted greatly European notions of noble birth rights.
What were the advantages and disadvantages of the civil service system?
advantages = stability, efficiency; disadvantages = clique, inflexible
advantages = stability, efficiency; disadvantages = clique, inflexible
CHINA- DAOISM
Laozi, 300 B.C.E.
Laozi, 300 B.C.E.
What is Daoism and the meaning of “Dao”?
Philsophical system of ethics; The main early Daoist text is the Daode jing (Scripture of the way and its virtue); The word dao has two main meanings, "way" and "method.
Philsophical system of ethics; The main early Daoist text is the Daode jing (Scripture of the way and its virtue); The word dao has two main meanings, "way" and "method.
What is the main goal of Daoism?
That people should give up worldly desires and live in harmony with nature.
That people should give up worldly desires and live in harmony with nature.
What are yin and yang how do they relate to Daoism?
The two fundamental principles, one negative, dark, passive, cold, wet, and feminine (yin) and the other (yang) positive, bright, active, dry, hot and masculine. The interactions and balance of these forces in people and nature influence their behavior and fate.
The two fundamental principles, one negative, dark, passive, cold, wet, and feminine (yin) and the other (yang) positive, bright, active, dry, hot and masculine. The interactions and balance of these forces in people and nature influence their behavior and fate.
What are Qi/ Chi and how do they relate to Daoism?
The ethereal substance of which everything is composed. Manipulation of qi is central to Chinese meditation, medicine, and martial arts.
The ethereal substance of which everything is composed. Early Daoist philosophers and alchemists regarded it as a vital force associated with breath and bodily fluids and sought to control its movement within the body in order to achieve longevity and spiritual power. Manipulation of qi is central to Chinese meditation, medicine, and martial arts. In the 10th – 13th centuries Neo-Confucianism regarded qi as emanating from the Great Ultimate by way of li, the ordering principle of the universe, transformed into the elements through yin and yang.
What are yin and yang and Qi/ Chi and how do they relate to Daoism?
The interaction between the Yin and Yang is thought to be the cause for the creation of all that is.  Tao, the Great Ultimate, is the cause of change and generates Yin and Yang.  Therefore, we came from Tao, the Great Ultimate, the force that permeates the universe.
The interaction between the Yin and Yang is thought to be the cause for the creation of all that is.  Tao, the Great Ultimate, is the cause of change and generates Yin and Yang.  Therefore, we came from Tao, the Great Ultimate, the force that permeates the universe.
What aspects of Chinese culture did Daoism influence and how?
All - preached acceptance of life as it is,passivity.
As an ethical system Daoism as did Confucianism influenced all aspects of Chinese society. The development of Daoism is linked to a contemporary of Confucius, Lao-Zi (meaning "Old One"). Its major text is the Dao De Ching. Daoism assumed what has been called a passive or "laissez-faire" approach towards life, encouraging its adherents to complacently accept life's experiences and its unavoidable burdens. Faced with this inevitability, it frowned upon government interference and moralization. In this respect, Daoism differed from Confucianism's activism and emphasis on social reform based on the five relationships. Daoism replaced Confucianism's emphasis on education by preaching an acceptance of life as it stood.
CHINA- LEGALISM
Hanfeizi, 200 B.C.E.
Hanfeizi, 200 B.C.E.
What is Legalism?
That laws must be strictly followed. Contrast to Confucius that disliked laws
That laws must be strictly followed (similar to Hammurabi's code of laws)
How was Shi Huang-di a good legalist (what were his accomplishments?)
Qin (Shi Huang-di) implemented a Legalist form of government.
Qin (Shi Huang-di) implemented a Legalist form of government, which was how the former Qin territory had been governed. The area was divided up in 36 commanderies which were then subdivided into counties. These commanderies had a civil governor, a military commander, and an imperial inspector. The leaders of the commanderies had to report to the Emperor in writing. The Legalist form of government involved rewards and punishments to keep order.
Why did so many people hate him?
High taxes to fund infrastructure projects, and persecution of distractors.
High taxes to fund infrastructure projects, and persecution of distractors.
GREECE
Describe the geography of Greece and its influence on Greek society
The mountains helped develop the city-states by separating them. The bays provided harbors for ships, and the coast was fertile, so the could farm. They used the seas for trade and transportation.
The mountains helped develop the city-states by separating them. The bays provided harbors for ships, and the coast was fertile, so the could farm. They used the seas for trade and transportation.
What forms of government existed in Greece?
monarchy, direct democracy, representative democracy, oligarchy
monarchy, direct democracy, representative democracy, oligarchy
How was Athenian democracy similar to and different from modern democracy?
was direct not representative democracy - peopled voted directly regarding legislation and policy.
Was developed in the Greek city-state of Athens, comprising the central city-state of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica, around 500 BC. Athens was one of the very first known democracies. Other Greek cities set up democracies, most but not all following an Athenian model, but none were as powerful, stable, or as well-documented as that of Athens. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right.
What contributions to western civilization did individuals in Greek society make? (Drama, Philosophy, Mathematics, Science)
deductive reasoning, scientific method.
Uncountless numbers. Some of the most notable were in the area of philosophy, Greece had made many influential contributions to western civilization. Greek philosophers were great thinkers who were determined to seek truth to a certain subject or question no matter where it led them. Three famous philosophers includes Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato. Socrates, who lived from around 470 to 399 B.C. believed that life was not worth living unless it was examined and the truth about life was sought out He also believed that there had to be certain standards for justice and punishment. In order to solve problems in life, Socrates invented a method for solving these problems called the Socratic method. In the world today this method is commonly know as the Scientific method and is used widely in the area of science.
Describe the major periods of Greek history such as the Aegean Period (Monarchy), Dark Ages, Classical/Hellenic and Hellenistic?
Aegean - monarchy, Dark ages - warriors, Classical-city states.
"Aegean - Bronze Age - Mycenaean; Bronze Age Greece, is the Late Helladic Bronze Age civilization of Ancient Greece. It lasted from the arrival of the Greeks in the Aegean around 1600 BC to the collapse of their Bronze Age civilization around 1100 BC. It is the historical setting of the epics of Homer and much other Greek mythology. The Mycenaean period takes its name from the archaeological site Mycenae in the northeastern Argolid, in the Peloponnesos of southern Greece. Athens, Pylos, Thebes, and Tiryns are also important Mycenaean sites. Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior aristocracy. Around 1400 BC the Mycenaeans extended their control to Crete, center of the Minoan civilization, and adopted a form of the Minoan script called Linear A to write their early form of Greek. The Mycenaean era script is called Linear B.
Describe the major events in the Classical/Hellenic period (Persian Wars, Golden Age, and Peloponnesian War, Alexander the Great)
"The Battle of Thermopylae took place in the second Persian invasion of Greece in September 480 B.C. It was fought between an Alliance of Greek City-States, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes. Xerxes set out to conquer all of Greece. In the end, the allied armies defeated the Persians at the Battle of Plataea, which ended the Persian invasion.
"The Battle of Thermopylae took place in the second Persian invasion of Greece in September 480 B.C. It was fought between an Alliance of Greek City-States, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes. Xerxes set out to conquer all of Greece. In the end, the allied armies defeated the Persians at the Battle of Plataea, which ended the Persian invasion.
What was Socrates’ method of teaching, why was he put on trial and what was the outcome of the trial?
rational reflection through questioning.
Athenian philosopher of later 5th century b.c.e.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions - type of interaction in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, but to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand.; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young.
What are some of the major lasting contributions of the Greeks?
western philosophical thought, scientific method, discourse, debate, democracy, drama - comedy, epics
western philosophy, scientific method, discourse, debate, democracy, drama - comedy, epics
Identify the major geographic features in India.
Large land mass, 2/3 shoreline, 1/6 plains; 1/6 mts; fertile river valleys; and heavy seasonal rains - monsoons.,
Large land mass, 2/3 shoreline, 1/6 plains; 1/6 mts; fertile river valleys; and heavy seasonal rains - monsoons.,
Identify the major geographic features in China .
Large land mass, 1/3 shoreline, 1/3 plains; 1/3mts; small amount of arable land, mostly in fertile river valleys.
Large land mass, 1/3 shoreline, 1/3 plains; 1/3mts; small amount of arable land, mostly in fertile river valleys.
Identify the major geographic features in Greece.
80% of land mass is mountains and hills; small amount of flat arable land on the pennisular plains; hills mostly good only for truck farming, pasture; large amount of shoreline and islands - sea very important to commerce and industry/agricultural.
80% of land mass is mountains and hills; small amount of flat arable land on the peninsular plains; hills mostly good only for truck farming, pasture; large amount of shoreline and islands - sea very important to commerce and industry/agricultural.