history3

– anti-communism hysteria in which Palmer raids and mass deportation occurred as a response to the power of the Bolsheviks in the Soviet Union

– trial in which Sacco and Vanzetti were sentenced for their political and ethnic origins rather than any crime (robbery and murder) they had committed

– created discriminatory quotas so that each country allotted so many potential immigrants it could send to the US each year; favored white Anglos over Eastern Europeans (put a break on immigration)

– evolution trial in TN against John Scopes (HS biology teacher who challenged anti-evolution laws by teaching evolution); lawyers = William Jennings Bryan (rural/prosecution) vs. Clarence Darrow (urban/defense); Scopes was convicted

outlawed manufacture, distribution, sale of alcoholic beverages

– critic of rural values who wrote for the Boston Sun and various books; hated Bryan b/c epitomized rural America

– used in Harding’s inauguration act to say he was going to take the country back to simple times (pro-rural)

– people put in offices of power by Harding and used this to line their own pockets (came to Washington with Harding) = got him in trouble

– created Bureau of Budget (executive agency = assists the President put together a budget) and the Office of the Comptroller General (made sure all federal agencies spent their money legally = watch dog)

– Secretary of the Treasury; proponent of “trickle down” economics (give tax breaks to upper-income Americans, so they will then invest in plants, equipment, research, development, etc = will create jobs = purchasing power)

– oil deposit in Wyoming that had been put aside as a naval oil reserve administered by the Interior Department under Albert B. Fall; Fall then signed sweetheart contracts letting petroleum companies exploit the deposition (took bribes)

– Democratic candidate in the 1928 election against Hoover (prototype of those things rural and small-town America distrusted) = lost

– prices of stocks increasing year after year (based on optimism)

– buying Florida swampland b/c promoters said they would drain the swamps, leaving a good piece of real estate (often without seeing it); example of speculation/ “get rich quick” scheme

– legislative act by Hoover in an effort to shore up banks ($500 million to $2 billion, so the banks can begin lending money again = believed banks are so important to commerce they could not be allowed to fail)

– group of informal advisors (college professors and economists) for FDR who wrote his speeches, advised him, and created most of the New Deal programs

– for banks = all banks shut down for 3-5 days, and federal employees sent in to audit them to determine their class (A = considered to be solid, sound, safe banks; B = shaky but can be saved = received new infusions of cash from federal reserve; C = horrible = cannot be saved); whole process restores some confidence in banks

separated investment banking from commercial banking (cannot use a depositor’s money to play the stock market) and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (insured deposit up to a specific amount)

– created Securities and Exchange Committee (Enforcement = watchdog); strengthened stock market

– work relief program that targeted single men between age of 18-25 and WWI veterans (worked on conservation projects; under control of army)

– direct relief (relief check sent by states to relief recipients) that at first required no work; $500 million funneled to states on a 3-1 basis (for every $3 put up by the states, federal government put up $1)

– work relief for large scale projects (cost more than $25,000) to stimulate heavy industry; target = skilled workers

– work relief that replaced FERA (didn’t like direct relief); for small projects (cost $25,000 or less); target = unskilled workers

– for farmers = produce a specific amount of scarcity (farmers paid to take land out of production = benefit payments = paid for by a processing tax on food processors), so prices will go up = farmers have purchasing powers

– for business = executives got together with NRA officials and work out Codes of Fair Competition (established a minimum wage and maximum hours, outlawed child labor, and set up production quotas)

– multipurpose dams built on Tennessee River to generate electricity (turbines) and for flood control; provided yardstick as to cost of producing this power (see if private companies charging a fair rate)

– Treasury issued $200 million in bonds for money to encourage farmers/small-town residents to form rural electrical cooperatives (apply to REA for loan at 2% interest to finance extension of power lines to rural community, and then charge customers for use of electricity to pay off loan)

– created old-age pensions (social security) & unemployment insurance

gave workers the right to organize into unions and bargain collectively; also created National Labor Relations Board (protect these rights)

– Treasury issued $200 million in bonds in order to buy mortgages and refinance them; 30-year mortgages created; started amortization (interest payments based on unpaid balance of your principle)

– moved the financial center of the country from NYC to Washington, DC (rebirth of Fed Reserve = board of governors); Fed Reserve control over setting interest rates (reserve requirements and open market operations)

– Louisiana senator who was a potential threat to FDR; didn’t support New Deal, so created Share-the-Wealth Program (confiscate large personal fortunes so as to guarantee every poor family a cash grant of $5000 and every worker an annual income of $25000, provide pension to the aged, ensure college education for every qualified student, etc.)

– set minimum wage, maximum hours, and overtime pay (time-and-half), and ended child labor

– Germany (Adolf Hitler), Italy (B. Mussolini), Japan (H. Tojo/Hirohito)

– forbade the sale of arms and munitions to all warring nations and declared all Americans traveling on belligerents’ ships did so at their own risk (intended to keep the US out of the war)

– Britain and France could send their own freighters to the US, buy supplies with cash, and take away arms or anything else they wanted; American ships were excluded from ports of warring nations and specified war zones

– authorized the president to sell, transfer, exchange, lend, lease, or otherwise dispose of arms and equipment and supplies to any country whose defenses the President deems vital to the defense of the US

– called for the self-determination of all peoples, equal access to raw materials, economic cooperation, freedom of the seas, a new system of international security

– ???

– fear, want, religion, and speech

– between Germany, Italy, and Japan

– prime minister of Japan (part of war party)

– Japanese planned to control Midway in order to attack Pearl Harbor; American cryptologists cracked
Japanese naval code, so US reinforced Midway with planes and carriers = huge loss for Japan = turning point of the Pacific War

– designed to maximize production = control over all materials

– federal government actively funding scientific endeavors; ex: Manhattan Project = developed the atomic bomb

– income taxes were immediately deducted from a person’s paycheck

– determine rationing and price control to prevent inflation

– part of the government publicity campaign to draw women into traditional male jobs

– had control over all the camps that the Japanese were placed in (concentration camps were not the same as the Nazi extermination camps)

– 2 year campaign conducted to destroy German submarines in the Atlantic (would allow our men and material to flow to Europe)

– Designed to protect the Suez canals from Germany and to prevent German forces from reaching the Middle East oilfields (Churchill = in charge)

– Churchill persuades Roosevelt to invade Sicily and then Italy from North Africa, but need to placate Stalin = come up with doctrine of unconditional surrender (no deals/negotiations with the Axis powers)

– Day and night bombing: purpose was to destroy the German capacity to make war (looking for airplane assembling plants, steel mills, refineries-all things to make war materials); precision vs. area bombing

– mass men and material in G. Britain and then cross the channel to invade (foothold in France); press as quick as possible through Northern France and that would take us directly into the German heartland

– advanced through the Pacific toward Japanese home islands taking control of each island along the way

– Last time the Big Three meet as the Big Three; Stalin had big advantage

– USA (Roosevelt), Great Britain (Churchill), Soviet Union (Stalin)

– program of post-World War II aid to European countries (Greece and Turkey) in danger of being undermined by communism

– US program for reconstruction of post-WWII Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies

– defense alliance founded by ten west European nations, the US, and Canada to defer Soviet expansion in Europe

– All countries liberated from Germany would have right to hold free and democratic elections with all political parties involved (face-saving doc)

– anticommunist witch hunt led by McCarthy = 2nd Red Scare (loyalty oaths, careers ruined merely by suspicions of being communist or communist sympathizer); results from fall of China to communist Mao

– policy proposed by Secretary of State John Foster that argued in following a tough policy of confrontation with communism, a nation sometimes had to go to the brink of war (firm stand halted further aggression)

– National Security Council Report 68; outlined the national security strategy of the US and analyzed the capabilities of the Soviet Union and USA from military, economic, political, and psychological standpoints